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[转载]悼亡诗、庆婚曲、歌(1/3)

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原文地址:悼亡诗、庆婚曲、作者  

 

第一节 悼亡诗

 

悼亡诗(elegy or monody or mournful poem)也被译成挽歌,哀歌,是哀悼个人之死,群体之死,乃至整个人类之死的诗作。如弥尔顿的《黎西达斯》(Lyidas, 1637)是诗人对同学、密友爱德华•金(Edward King)的哀悼之作。金和弥尔顿就读于剑桥大学基督学院,两人都是诗人、学者和有事业心的好青年,是校方精心培养的牧师人才。金在1633年获得硕士学位后,继续在原校深造,准备做牧师,不幸的是,金于1637年夏天利用暑假去爱尔兰访友,在威尔斯港外船破人溺。弥尔顿非常伤心,写下了这首哀歌,其前面部分如下:

 

Yet once more, O ye laurels, and once more,

Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere,

I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude,

And with forced fingers rude

Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year.

Bitter constraint, and sad occasion dear,

Compels me to disturb your season due;

For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime,

Young Lycidas, and hath not left his peer.

 

我再一次来,月桂树啊,

棕色的番石榴和常青藤的绿叶啊,

在成熟之前,来强摘你们的果子,

我不得已伸出我这粗鲁的手指,

来震落你们这些嫩黄的叶子。

因为亲友的惨遇,痛苦的重压,

迫使我前来扰乱你正茂的年华;

黎西达斯死了,死于峥嵘岁月,

年轻的黎西达斯,从未离开过本家。(朱维之 译)

 

通过对亡友的哀悼,弥尔顿似乎成熟了许多,在结尾处暗示出要告别以前的诗歌创作风格,准备走向革命战斗的诗歌新草地:

 

And now the sun had stretched out all the hills,

And now was dropped into the western bay.

At last he rose, and twitched his mantle blue:

Tomorrow to fresh woods, and pastures new.

 

夕阳西下,把群山的影子拉长,

射进西边深山中的凹地。

他终于站起来,抖抖蓝色的斗篷,

明天将奔向清鲜的树林和新的草地。(朱维之译)

 

1652年,弥尔顿第一任妻子玛丽(Marry Powell)产后三天去世,弥尔顿完全失明。1656年娶年仅28岁的凯瑟琳(Katherine Woodcock)为妻,不料凯瑟琳于1658年死于生产。弥尔顿在凯瑟琳死后的第三年,即1600年,写下了十四行诗《悼亡妻》(On His Deceased Wife),表达了他与妻子真挚的情感:

 

Methought I saw my late espoused saint

Brought me like Alcestis from the grave,

Whom Jove’s great son to her glad husband gave,

Rescued from Death by force, though pale and faint.

Mine, as whom washed from spot of child-bed taint

Purification in the Old Law did save,

And such as yet once more I trust to have

Full sight of her in Heaven without restraint,

Came vested all in white , pure as her mind.

Her face was veiled; yet to my fancied sight

Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shined

So clear as in no face with more delight.

But, oh! as to embrace me she inclined,

I waked, she fled, and day brought back my night.

 

我仿佛看见了我那圣洁的亡妻,

好象从坟墓回来的阿尔雪斯蒂,

由约夫的伟大儿子送还她丈夫,

从死亡中被抢救出来,苍白而无力。

我的阿尔雪斯蒂已经洗净了产褥的污点,

按照古法规净化,保持无暇的白璧;

因此,我好象重新得到一度的光明,

毫无阻碍地,清楚地看见她在天堂里,

全身雪白的衣裳,跟她的心地一样纯洁,

她脸上罩着薄纱,但在我幻想的眼里,

她身上清晰地放射出爱、善和娇媚,

再也没有别的脸,比这更加叫人喜悦。

可是,啊!当她正要俯身抱我的时候,

我醒了,她逃走了,白昼又带回我的黑夜。(朱维之 译)

 

托马斯•格雷的《墓园挽歌》,前两节如下:

 

The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,

The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea,

The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,

And leaves the world to darkness and to me.

Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,

And all the air a solemn stillness holds,

Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,

And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds: [4]

(Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard)

 

晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧,

牛群在草原上迂回,吼声起落,

耕地人累了,回家走,脚步踉跄,

把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。//

苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退,

一片肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰,

只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞,

昏沉的铃声催眠着远处的羊栏。(卞之琳 译,引自王佐良《英诗的境界》)

 

这首诗表达了对乡土的爱和对农民的同情,歌颂的是淳朴,有一种难以派遣的感伤情绪,因为当时英国工业革命正在开始,诗人感到它在破坏乡村的宁静生活,造成巨大变化,但又不明究竟,无可奈何。这首诗结构谨严,词句精雕细刻,深刻的个人感受和浓厚的感伤情绪得到完美结合。也是在这首诗里,这位充满感伤情绪的古典主义者传达了后来浪漫主义诗人们大力宣泄的浪漫情调:

 

Full many a gem of purest ray serene,

The dark unfathom’d caves of ocean bear:

Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,

And waste its sweetness on the desert air.

 

世界上多少晶莹皎洁的珠宝

埋在幽暗而深不可测的海底:

世界上多少花吐艳而无人知晓,

把芳香白白地散发给荒凉的空气。(卞之琳译)

 

华兹华斯的露西组诗,是为了纪念诗人曾经钟爱的姑娘,不幸的是姑娘已经不在人世,因此这些诗里有一种忧郁的情调,《对死者的爱》表达了对这位姑娘的悼念:

 

A slumber did my spirit seal;

I had no human fears:

She seemed a thing that could not feel

The touch of earthly years.

No motion has she now, no force;

She neither hears nor sees;

Rolled round in earth’s diurnal course,

With rocks, and stones, and trees. [6]

(William Wordsworth: The Love for the Dead)

 

沉睡锁住了我的心,

我已无人间的恐惧;

她也化物而无感应,

再不怕岁月来接触。//

如今她无力也不动,

不听也不看,

只随地球日夜滚,

伴着岩石和森林转。(王佐良 译)

 

英诗中写得这样沉重的悼亡诗不多见,最后把一个弱女子的命运放在整个大自然的运转里,从此得到一种不朽,又是华兹华斯的独有之笔。

 

雪莱的《阿多尼斯》(Adonais, 1821)是雪莱悼念济慈之死而作,第一节如下:

 

I weep for Adonais—he is dead!

O, weep for Adonais! though our tears

Thaw not the frost which binds so dear a head!

And thou, sad Hour, selected from all years

To mourn our loss, rouse thy obscure compeers,

And teach them thine own sorrow! Say: ‘With me

Died Adonais; till the Future dares

Forget the Past, his fate and fame shall be

An echo and a light unto eternity!’

 

我为阿多尼斯哭泣——他已经死去!

为阿多尼斯哭泣吧!纵然我们的泪

融不了这样可爱的头颅上的霜雪。

你啊,选自千年百岁为我们悼亡的

悲伤时刻,快唤起你晦暗的朋辈,

传授给他们你自己的伤悲;就说:

“和我一道,他已经死去;除非未来

敢于忘却过去,他的命运和荣誉

将永远成为不绝响的回音、不熄灭的明辉。” (江枫 译)

 

据希腊神话,阿多尼斯是一个美少年,为爱与美的女神阿弗洛狄忒(Aphrodite,在罗马神话中为维纳斯)所爱,不幸被野猪咬伤而亡。希腊妇女年年为其举行悼念仪式,诗人比翁(Bion, 100BC)曾写过挽诗哀悼。莎士比亚根据此神话写了英雄叙事诗《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》。雪莱在这首诗中将阿多尼斯比拟济慈,阿多尼斯的故事和济慈的遭遇相互交织,不少章节都仿效和取材于比翁哀悼阿多尼斯的挽诗。但比翁笔下的阿弗洛狄忒代表对肉体美的爱,雪莱笔下的幽兰尼(Urania,阿多尼斯或济慈的母亲)则象征对于精神的爱。

 

阿诺德的《色希斯》(Thyrsis, 1866)是悼念诗人朋友亚瑟•克拉夫(Arthur Hugh Clough, 1819~1861),克拉夫作品表现对维多利亚时期道德和宗教的怀疑,可惜于1861年死于佛罗伦萨。第一诗节如下:

 

How changed is here each spot man makes or fills!

In the two Hinkseys nothing keeps the same;

The village street its haunted mansion lacks,

And from the sign is gone Sibylla's name,

And from the roofs the twisted chimney-stacks--

Are ye too changed, ye hills?

See, 'tis no foot of unfamiliar men

To-night from Oxford up your pathway strays!

Here came I often, often, in old days--

Thyrsis and I; we still had Thyrsis then.

 

这里人们造的或填的每一处都变了,

亨克塞的两处地找不到相同的东西;

村子街上没有了常去的房舍,

西比拉的名字也从招牌上消失,

房顶上扭曲的烟囱也不见踪影。

你们这些群山也变了吗?

你看,今晚从牛津迷路到你路上的

并非陌生人的腿脚!

我很久以前常常来到此地,

色希斯和我;那时我们还有色希斯。

 

在希腊神话中,酒神杖(Thyrsus)是酒神狄俄尼索斯(Dionysus)的手杖。阿诺德将这个词改变一个字母成为人名色希斯,用以比拟诗人朋友克拉夫,将朋友提到很高的地位。这首诗追忆了诗人与克拉夫在牛津郡乡下漫步的美好时光、年轻时他们作为诗人的相互竞争以及克拉夫离开他而进入更加纷乱的社会。诗歌一开始就睹物思人,哀伤油然而生。

 

托玛斯•哈代与前妻爱玛生前不睦,但婚后亦曾经有过多年的恩爱。1912年11月爱玛去世后,哈代无限悲伤,回首往事,非常悔恨和自责,从1912年11月到1913年底,写下了五十多首怀念亡妻的诗篇,其中有这篇《呼唤声》(The Voice)

 

Woman much missed, how you call to me, call to me,

Saying that now you are not as you were

When you had changed from the one who was all to me,

But as at first, when our day was fair.

Can it be you that I hear? Let me view you, then,

Standing as when I drew near to the town

Where you would wait for me: yes, as I knew you then,

Even to the original air-blue gown!

Or is it only the breeze, in its listlessness

Traveling across the wet mead to me here,

You being ever dissolved to wan wistlessness,

Heard no more again far or near?

Thus I; faltering forward,

Leaves around me falling,

Wind oozing thin through the thorn from norward,

And the woman calling.

 

朝夕怀念的女人,你在呼唤我,呼唤我,

说你现在不是从前的你,

而是我的一切,当你还未改变,

那时,我们是相亲相爱的伴侣。//

这声音真的来自你?那么,让我看见

你站在那儿迎候,就象往日当我回到

小镇:那时我对你完全了解,

甚至能辨出你初次穿的浅蓝裙衣!//

也许这仅仅是风声,懒洋洋拂过

潮湿的草地,扑到我的耳畔;

声音消失,不见你的踪影,

我再也听不见,无论是近还是远。//

于是,迎着沙沙飘跌的落叶,

我踉跄地向前追赶,

北方袭来的刺骨寒流,压低了风声,

淹没了女人的呼唤。(蓝仁哲译)

 

这诗感情真挚,抚今追昔,低徊不已,写法也很朴实,没有一个浮词艳词,与一般浪漫派诗歌不同。浪漫派诗歌是年轻人的诗,而此诗诗人作于老年,因历经沧桑而感受更深。甚至“你变了,不再完全属于我”(you had changed from the one who was all to me)也坦白说出,如今一切又回到最初的热恋时刻,连她当年穿的“浅蓝裙衣”都如在眼前,那一声声呼唤,也就更加震撼心灵了

 

 


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