[转载]英译学术论文摘要【三】

按：二十余年来，业余翻译或校对哲学、社会科学等人文学术期刊和师友论文摘要。至今已经译校不少篇什。它们或长或短，或深奥艰涩，或浅显易懂，却都是经过一番努力，数度推敲，几经润色定稿的。不过，最初几年的译校系手写，故均已散佚。1996年换笔改用电脑后虽然数次更换机器，多次重装或升级系统，其中也有散佚，但绝大多数仍保存于硬盘。今特选择自认为比较忠实原文者，分批转帖，名之为《英译学术论文摘要》，以期方家哂正。下面是其三。——啮书轩主人启。

英译学术论文摘要【三】

Negation of Confucian Thought by Motoori Norinaga

本居宣长对儒学思想的否定

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As epitomizer of Kokugaku in Japan, Motoori Norinaga was honored as one of its four celebrities during the Edo period. He strongly rejected Confucianism, for his goal of scholarship was nothing but to “completely get rid of Chinese thought”.  First of all, he explored the “ancient Japanese principles of learning” to negate Confucian thought, and, based upon ancient Japanese language studies, he elucidated these principles with ancient Japanese classics. Thus he protested that Confucianism and Buddhism had distorted and sheltered their genuine intendment, and tried hard to discard Confucian thought and Buddhism. Secondly, he praised the “god”, and denied Confucianism by negating the attachment of great importance to the mandate of heaven and the disdain for the “god” by Chinese Confucianism, and thus attempting to dissever the relationship between Confucianism and Japanese Shinto through his praising of “god”, thus occupying an important position in the history of Japanese philosophy. And thirdly, he advocated Nihon seishin (Japan’s spirit) and rejected Confucianism. Because Motoori Norinaga believed that, through ancient Japanese myths and legends, the world outlook and the outlook on life of the Japanese could be understood, and the nature and source of the culture of Nihon seishin (Japan’s spirit), be explored. He, too, advocated the view of Japan’ supremacy and Nihon seishin (Japan’s spirit), which were later made use of by Japanese militarists, and became a theoretical source for Japanese militarist outward expansion, inflicting disaster and endless pains upon the Asian people.

II. Birth of the Term "National Character" 

and Its Travel from Japan to China:

On Its Etymology in Modern Chinese

从日本到中国：

“国民性”一词的诞生及其旅行

——关于现代汉语中“国民性”一词的词源问题

As to the etymology of the term “National character= guómínxìng” in Chinese, the present paper investigates for the first time from the perspective of modern history of ideas the present situation, the historical status and the channel of its entering Chinese of「national character＝こくみんせい」in Japanese. The investigation covers as far as the three major categories of dictionaries of the Meiji period, namely the "Chinese dictionaries", the "English learning dictionaries", and the "mandarin dictionaries", and the “Neologism Dictionaries” of the Taisho period as well. In addition to that, the dispute between Takayama Chogyu and Tsunashima Yoshikawa, the two “historical sites” laid down by The Sun magazine, are evoked so that the birth date of “National Character” emerges and is verified. And it is clear that the first person who has introduced this “Japanese character” into Chinese is not Liang Qichao, who used to be so believed, but a younger student who then studied in Japan.

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III. The Term “National Character” in China

“国民性”一词在中国

Whether in modern history of ideas or of vocabulary, the term “national character” has always been an important expression, but never has it been specially explored as an object to be studied. However, the present paper does. It discusses a lot of issues about it such as its meaning, its lexical structure, its etymology, the process of its generation, and its evolution in meaning, and so on and so forth. Yet, at the same time, the paper is not confined to the category of lexical history. That is, it does not take the term as a mere question of pure linguistics, but, through the word, to seek for a possibility to approach the “modern” of language and thought from today’s perspective. Or, it ought at least to find the ideas and thoughts behind it, and how it exists in modern language. Accordingly, before the term be taken as a research topic of vocabulary history, this paper, first of all, plans to investigate the existence and employment of the term “national character “in modern China, and other questions which can been foreseen.

附：原文

本居宣长对儒学思想的否定

本居宣长是日本复古国学的集大成者，在日本被誉为江户时期四大国学名人之一。他以“完全摆脱中国思想”为治学目标，极力排斥儒学思想。其一，探求“古道”，否定儒学思想。本居宣长通过日本的古文辞学，根据日本的古典著作阐述“古道”，认为儒家思想和佛教曲解和遮蔽了日本“古道”的真意，试图摈弃儒家思想和佛教。其二，推崇“神”，否定儒学思想。本居宣长否定中国儒学中重视天命、轻视“神”的思想，推崇“神”，割裂儒学与日本神道的关系，并且在日本哲学史上占据了很重要的地位。其三，提倡日本精神，排斥儒学思想。本居宣长主张通过古神话、古传说了解日本人的世界观和人生观，探求日本精神的文化的本质和源泉。他推崇的日本至上优位论，以及日本精神，被后来日本的军国主义者所利用，成为军国主义者向外扩张的理论来源，给亚洲人民造成了灾难和无尽的伤痛。

二、从日本到中国：

“国民性”一词的诞生及其旅行

——关于现代汉语中“国民性”一词的词源问题

作为汉语“国民性＝guómínxìng”一词的词源问题，本论在近代思想史的背景下首次调查研究了日语当中「国民性＝こくみんせい」一词的现状、历史状况和进入汉语的渠道。调查范围所及，覆盖了号称日本“现代国语语汇之基础”的明治时代三大类辞书，即“汉语辞书”、“英学辞书”、“国语辞书”，还要再加上此后在大正时代登场的“新语辞书”。除此之外，还将高山樗牛与纲岛良川的论争、《太阳》杂志设定为两个“历史现场”，从而使“国民性”一词诞生之瞬间得以浮现并获得验证。所获结果明确：最早向汉语中导入“国民性”这个近代“和制汉语”的人物，并非过去所一向认为的梁启超，而是当时的更为年轻一代的留日学生。

三、“国民性”一词在中国

　“国民性”一词，不论在近代思想史还是在近代词汇史上，都是一个重要的词汇，然而从未作为一个研究对象被专门探讨过。本文把“国民性”一词作为问题提出，其问题范围当然首先要包括这一词汇本身的问题，如词义，词汇结构，词源，生成过程以及词义的演变等问题，但同时，本文又并不囿于词汇史范畴，即把“国民性”一词的问题作为单纯的语言学问题来处理，而是要通过这一词汇来寻找一种从今日之角度接近包括语言和思想在内的“近代”的可能性，至少要来看取一下“国民性”这一词汇背后的思想状况、思想过程以及在现代语言生活中这一词语的存在状况。本文的计划是在把“国民性”一词作为词汇史问题纳入研究课题之前，想要先来调查一下“国民性”这个词汇在现代中国的存在和使用状况以及由此可以透视到的问题。