英译学术论文摘要【六】

按：二十余年来，业余翻译或校对哲学、社会科学等人文学术期刊和师友论文摘要。至今已经译校不少篇什。它们或长或短，或深奥艰涩，或浅显易懂，却都是经过一番努力，数度推敲，几经润色定稿的。不过，最初几年的译校系手写，故均已散佚。1996年换笔改用电脑后虽然数次更换机器，多次重装或升级系统，其中也有散佚，但绝大多数仍保存于硬盘。今特选择自认为比较忠实原文者，分批转帖，名之为《英译学术论文摘要》，以期方家哂正。下面是其六。——啮书轩主人启。

英译学术论文摘要【六】

I.                   A New Doctrine on the Minor Simple Sentence

新 小 句 说

It was not until the publication of Yan Fu’s Elementary English Grammar in Chinese (Yingwen Hangu) that the appellation of the minor simple sentence appeared itself for the first time. In his book, Yan refers to the clauses in the complex sentence by the minor simple sentence. With reference to Yan’s definition of the minor simple sentence, Liu Fu and Lu Shuxiang have both developed their respective “doctrines on the minor simple sentence”. The “doctrines” of the latter two scholars are to serve the analysis of simple and multiple sentences on the differentiation of the two. The “New Doctrine on the Minor Simple Sentence” is the very succession and development of the two “doctrines”; it succeeds to the their statement that, in order to serve the analysis on the grammatical facts of language on the basis of these facts, there do exist dynamic units, i.e. “the minor simple sentence”; but it denies the differentiation of the simple and multiple sentences. Instead, it holds that a (statically analyzed) sentence (with the exception of word-sentence, and one-fold sentence) is made up of phrase within phrase/phrase plus  phrase/ phrase of superposed and overlapping structure with phrase “within” and “plus”  phrase combined together. The phrase is a static unit, bearing the differentiation of self-sufficiency from agglutination, and is always a basic component of a sentence. The sentence is a dynamic unit, containing the minor simple sentence, dynamic phrase, and constituting phrase. As to the establishment of the paratactic structure, it is not in the same dimension with syntactical structures such as the subject-predicate syntactical structures. It can serve as the constituents of the subject-predicate structure and others, and is therefore the indirect elements of the sentence. Its constituting elements can be the subject-predicate structure and others; and it can form a sentence itself, with its constituting elements being the direct elements of the sentence. No matter the phrases of the paratactic structure are the indirect or direct elements, there are still equally-combined syntactical relationships between its constituting elements; and the same logical semantic relationships of parataxis, succession, selection, transition, causation, cause and effect, etc. And the paratactic structure is established as a substitute for the analysis on simple and multiple sentences.

II.                On the Similarities of the Preposition with, and Its Differences from,

the Nominal and the Verbal Semantic Meaning and their Respective Syntactical Functions:

Another Discussion about the Truncation of the Prepositional Structure

论说介词跟动词、名词语义和句法功能的同异

——再谈取消介词结构

As the preposition is a relative form word in the combinational structures of the noun and the verb, the reasons for the non-existence of the so-called combinational structure of the preposition plus the noun lie in that the preposition and the verb are similar in meaning, but different in their respective syntactical functions; that the syntactical structure has its own exceptions in spite of its conformity with its general principles and laws; that the features of the semantic meaning of the preposition, without playing the role of the semantic meaning of the noun, is still similar with it in the role they play while the character yu (于) is a preposition, sharing no semantic meanings; that grammatical analysis must make a clear demarcation between the following two levels, that is, the semantic meanings and the syntax, the preposition being able to bear no objects at all; and that, due to the fact that there exist side by side the two word orders of P-N-V and N-P-V in ancient Chinese, a correct and proper division is demanded between the different levels of the word order of P-N-V.

III.             On the Issue of Grammatical and Semantic Characteristics of the Word “Jian (见)” in the Construction of “见 Vt”:

Concurrently on the Viewpoint of the Word “见” as Adverb

关于“见 Vt”结构中“见”的语法、语义特征

---兼谈“见”字副词说”

The present paper explains that, in the construction of “见Vt”, “Jian (见)” is grammatically a verb with predicate object, and semantically an antonymic word with both the sense of “suffer from” and that of “exert on”; and indicates the mistake made by Yang Shuda’s Ciquan on one of the items in “Kong Shu” and the influence made by the mistake; thus denying the viewpoint of the word “见” as adverb, and affirming the pioneering spirit to negate its demonstrative function.

附：原文

一、新小句说

 “小句”之名始见于严复《英文汉沽》；严氏小句指繁句中的clauses。刘复、吕叔湘参照严氏小句观创立各自“小句说”。刘、吕二氏的“小句说”是建在单复之分的基础上，为分析单复句服务。“新小句说”是刘、吕“小句说”的继承与发展；继承二氏“说”的句中有动态单位“小句”，立论建在语言的语法事实基础上，为分析语言的语法事实服务；而否定汉语有单复句之分。认为：（从静态分析）句子（单词句、单层结构句除外）是由短语套短语/短语加短语/短语“套”“加”结合的叠层结构短语构成。短语是静态单位，有自足、粘着之分，是句子的基本构件。句子是动态单位，句中有小句、动性短语、构件短语。建立并列结构，并列结构跟主谓等句法结构不在一个层面上。并列结构可是主谓等结构的结构成分，是句子的间接成分。并列结构构成元可是主谓等结构；单独成句，其构成元是句子的直接成分。并列结构短语不管是句子的间接成分还是直接成分，构成元之间有相同的平等加合的句法关系；有相同的平列、承接、选择、转折、原因、因果等逻辑语义关系。并列结构的建立代替单复句分析。

二、论说介词跟动词、名词语义和句法功能的同异

——再谈取消介词结构

介词是名词、动词组合结构中的关系虚词，句法中不存在介词、名词组合结构；介词、动词语义相通，句法功能相异；句法结构有其一般规则、规律，又有特例；介词语义特征跟名词语义角色相通而不表现名词语义角色，“于”字是不负担语义信息的介词；语法分析要分清语义、句法两个层面，介词不能带宾语；古代汉语并存着P-N-V、 N-P-V 两种语序，正确处理P-N-V层次切分。

三、 关于“见 Vt”结构中“见”的语法、语义特征

---兼谈“见”字副词说”

本文说明“见Vt”结构中的“见”，语法上是带谓词宾语的动词，语义是兼“遭受”“施受”两意义的反训词； 指出杨树达《词诠》对一条“孔疏”的误解及其影响；否定“见”字词性副词说，肯定否定“见”字指代作用的开拓精神。