3.莎剧的语言(1)
莎士比亚的语言和我们今天所讲的英语有很多不同之处,下面列出莎剧主要用语与现代英语的对照(不包括死语言)。我们可以发现,这些词汇、词组或短语有的意思和现在不同,有的日常英语中已不使用,有的缩短了。莎剧里,为了行与行之间韵律的缘故,有些语言却表达较长并且重叠。
an – “ if ” . aught – “ anything ”. ay – “ yes ”. do, does, did 常与另一动词连用,并无增添别的意思,如:“And when the fit was on him I did mark”,“How he did shake”(第一幕第二场)。e’er – “ ever ”. ere – “ before ” . hence – “ from this place ”. hereafter – “ after this ”. hither – “ to this place ”. methinks – “ it seems to me ”. mine – ( sometimes )“ my ”. ne’er – “ never ”. nor – ( sometimes ) “ neither ”. or – ( sometimes ) “ either ”. presently – “ at once ”. prithee – “ please ”( short for “ I pray thee ”) . quoth – “ said ”. sooth – “ truth ”. still –( sometimes )“ always ”. “ of ” is sometimes shortened to o’. ’t – “ it ”; e.g. on ‘t – “ on it ”. thee – “ you ”( singular ). thence – “ from that place ”. thereafter – “ after that ”. thither – “ to that place ”. thou – “ you ”( singular ). 该词常作主语第二人称单数使用,与之连用的谓语动词以 -est或 -st 结尾,如:What dost thou with thy best apparel on?( 第一幕第一场 ), 但动词 to be 和少数动词有不规则变化,如:Thou art a cobbler, art thou? ( 第一幕第一场 ), 又如:Take thou what course thou wilt. ( 第三幕第二场 ) whe’er – “ whether ”. whence – “ from which palce ”. wherefore – “ for what reason ”(比较:therefore – “ for this reason ”). whither – “ to which place ” . ye – “ you ”( plural ) . yet –( sometimes )“ again ”. yon, yond – “ that ”.
(未完待续)
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