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[转载]莎剧的语言——凯撒之三

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题记:凯撒的归凯撒,莎翁的归莎翁。
 
莎剧的语言 
  ——莎士比亚历史剧《裘力斯 . 凯撒》引论(3)
 吴仲湛
 

3.莎剧的语言(1)

     莎士比亚的语言和我们今天所讲的英语有很多不同之处,下面列出莎剧主要用语与现代英语的对照(不包括死语言)。我们可以发现,这些词汇、词组或短语有的意思和现在不同,有的日常英语中已不使用,有的缩短了。莎剧里,为了行与行之间韵律的缘故,有些语言却表达较长并且重叠。

 

an – “ if ” .  aught – “ anything ”.  ay – “ yes ”.  do, does, did  常与另一动词连用,并无增添别的意思,如:“And when the fit was on him I did mark”,“How he did shake”(第一幕第二场)。e’er – “ ever ”.  ere – “ before ” .  hence – “ from this place ”.  hereafter – “ after this ”.  hither – “ to this place ”.  methinks – “ it seems to me ”.  mine – ( sometimes )“ my ”.  ne’er – “ never ”.  nor – ( sometimes ) “ neither ”.   or – ( sometimes ) “ either ”.   presently – “ at once ”.  prithee – “ please ”( short for “ I pray thee ”) .  quoth – “ said ”.  sooth – “ truth ”.  still –( sometimes )“ always ”.  “ of ” is sometimes shortened to  o’.  ’t  – “ it ”; e.g. on ‘t – “ on it ”.    thee – “ you ”( singular ).  thence – “ from that place ”.  thereafter – “ after that ”.   thither  “ to that place ”.   thou – “ you ”( singular ). 该词常作主语第二人称单数使用,与之连用的谓语动词以 -est -st  结尾,如:What dost thou with thy best apparel on?( 第一幕第一场 ) 但动词 to be 和少数动词有不规则变化,如:Thou art a cobbler, art thou? ( 第一幕第一场 ) 又如:Take thou what course thou wilt. ( 第三幕第二场 )  whe’er  “ whether ”.   whence  “ from which palce ”.   wherefore – “ for what reason ”(比较:therefore – “ for this reason ”).  whither – “ to which place ” .  ye – “ you ”( plural ) .  yet –( sometimes )“ again ”.  yon, yond  – “ that ”.

 

(未完待续) 


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