《礼记》--鲁庄公及宋人战于乘丘
【原文】
鲁庄公及宋人战于乘丘(2)，县贲父御③，卜国为右(4)。马惊，败绩(5)。公队(6)，佐车授绥(7)。公曰：“末之(8)，卜也！”县贲父曰：“他日不败绩，而今败绩，是无勇也！”遂死之。圉人浴马(9)，有流矢在白肉(10)。公曰：“非其罪也。”遂诔之(11)。士之有诔(12)，自此始也。
Duke Zhuang of Lu fought a
battle with the men of Song at Sheng-qiu. Xian Ben-fu was driving,
and Bu Guo was spearman on the right. The horses got frightened,
and the carriage was broken, so that the duke fell down. They
handed the strap of a relief chariot (that drove up) to him, when
he said, 'I did not consult the tortoise-shell (about the
movement).' Xiun Ben-fu said, 'On no other occasion did such a
disaster occur; that it has occurred to-day is owing to my want of
courage. Forthwith he died (in the fight). When the groom was
bathing the horses, a random arrow was found (in one of them),
sticking in the flesh under the flank; and (on learning this), the
duke said, 'It was not his fault; and he conferred on him an
honorary name. The practice of giving such names to (ordinary)
officers began from this.
（James Legge 译）
【注释】
①本节选自《檀弓》上。②鲁庄公：春秋战国时的诸侯国鲁国国君，姓姬，名庄公。宋：春秋战国时诸侯国国名，子姓。乘丘：鲁国地名。(3)县(xuan)贲(ben)父：人物姓名，县是姓，贲父是名。御：驾驭车马。(4)卜国：人名。右：战车的右边。⑤败绩：失败。这里指翻车。(6)队(zhui)：同“坠”，坠落。(7)佐车：副车。绥（sUi）：挽住手上车的绳子。(8)末：这里的意思是软弱无力。(9)圉(yu)人；养马的人。(10)流矢。飞箭。白肉；大腿内侧的肉。(11)诔(lei)：追述死者功德的悼念文章。(12)士：古代处在人大和庶民之间的阶层。
【译文】
鲁庄公和宋国人在乘丘交战，县贲父为鲁庄公驾车，卜国在车右边护驾。拉车的马受惊，将车翻倒。庄公摔下车来。副车上的人递下绳子，拉庄公上了副车。庄公说：“卜国啊，没有勇力呀！”县贲父说：“以前没有翻过车，今天却车翻人坠，这是我们没有勇气！”于是两人殉职而死。事后马夫洗马时，发现马大腿内侧中了飞箭。庄公说：“原来翻车不是他们的罪过。”于是庄公作文追述他们的功德。为士作文悼念的风习，就是从这开始的。
