UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

Hiraizumi - Temples, Gardens and Archaeological Sites Representing the Buddhist Pure Land comprises five sites, including the sacred Mount Kinkeisan. It features vestiges of government offices dating from the 11th and 12th centuries when Hiraizumi was the administrative centre of the northern realm of Japan and rivalled Kyoto. The realm was based on the cosmology of Pure Land Buddhism, which spread to Japan in the 8th century. It represented the pure land of Buddha that people aspire to after death, as well as peace of mind in this life. In combination with indigenous Japanese nature worship and Shintoism, Pure Land Buddhism developed a concept of planning and garden design that was unique to Japan.

平泉——象征着佛教净土的庙宇、园林与考古遗址

由5处遗址组成，其中包括圣山金鸡山。11及12世纪时，平泉是日本北部地区与京都相抗衡的行政中心，至今尚留存有当时府衙的遗迹。平泉文化遗产中的遗址按照8世纪流传到日本的佛教净土宗的宇宙观建成，象征着人们渴望死后往生的佛陀净土以及此生的静心之境。结合了日本本土的自然崇拜与神道教的影响，净土宗发展出了日本独特的规划与园林设计理念。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

The property numbers more than 30 islands clustered in three groups and covers a surface area of 7,939 hectares. The islands offer a variety of landscapes and are home to a wealth of fauna, including the Bonin Flying Fox, a critically endangered bat, and 195 endangered bird species. Four-hundred and forty-one native plant taxa have been documented on the islands whose waters support numerous species of fish, cetaceans and corals. Ogasawara Islands' ecosystems reflect a range of evolutionary processes illustrated through its assemblage of plant species from both southeast and northwest Asia, alongside many endemic species.

小笠原群岛，日本

小笠原群岛（Ogasawara Islands，日本）由三组共30多座岛屿组成，覆盖面积7393公顷。岛屿自然景观丰富多样，是一种属于极危物种的蝙蝠——小笠原大蝙蝠（Bonin Flying Fox），以及195种濒危鸟类等大量动物栖息的家园。在这些岛屿上已发现并记录了441种当地特有的植物类群，在其周边水域中生活着种类繁多的鱼类、鲸目动物和珊瑚。小笠原群岛的生态系统体现了一系列的生物进化过程，主要表现在这里不仅有着来自东南亚地区与西北亚地区的植物物种，同时还生长着大量当地特有物种。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

There are around 48 Buddhist monuments in the Horyu-ji area, in Nara Prefecture. Several date from the late 7th or early 8th century, making them some of the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world. These masterpieces of wooden architecture are important not only for the history of art, since they illustrate the adaptation of Chinese Buddhist architecture and layout to Japanese culture, but also for the history of religion, since their construction coincided with the introduction of Buddhism to Japan from China by way of the Korean peninsula.

法隆寺地区的佛教古迹(日本)

在奈良县的法隆寺地区，约有48座佛教建筑，其中有一些建于公元7世纪末至8世纪初，是世界上现存最古老的木结构建筑。这些木结构建筑杰作的重要性不仅仅在于它们展现了中国佛教建筑与日本文化的艺术融合历史，还在于它们标志着宗教史发展的一个重要时期，因为修建这些建筑的时候正是中国佛教经朝鲜半岛传入日本的时期。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

The Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine in the south-west of Honshu Island is a cluster of mountains, rising to 600 m and interspersed by deep river valleys featuring the archaeological remains of large-scale mines, smelting and refining sites and mining settlements worked between the 16th and 20th centuries. The site also features routes used to transport silver ore to the coast, and port towns from where it was shipped to Korea and China. The mines contributed substantially to the overall economic development of Japan and south-east Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries, prompting the mass production of silver and gold in Japan. The mining area is now heavily wooded. Included in the site are fortresses, shrines, parts of Kaidô transport routes to the coast, and three port towns, Tomogaura, Okidomari and Yunotsu, from where the ore was shipped.

石见银山遗迹及其文化景观

位于本州岛西南部的石见银山遗迹是一组山脉，海拔600米，被深深的河谷截断，以大型矿藏、熔岩和优美的地貌为主，是16世纪至20世纪开采和提炼银子的矿山遗址。这一带还有用来将银矿石运输至海岸的运输路线，以及通往韩国和中国的港口城镇。通过运用尖端技术提炼出来的优质白银和开采到的大量白银，大大促进了16世纪至17世纪日本和东南亚经济的整体发展，促进了日本白银和黄金的大规模生产。矿山现在被浓密的森林所覆盖。遗址上还建有堡垒、神龛、部分山道运输线以及三个运输银矿的港口城镇：Tomogaura、Okidomari和Yunotsu。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

Shiretoko Peninsula is located in the north-east of Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. The site includes the land from the central part of the peninsula to its tip (Shiretoko Cape) and the surrounding marine area. It provides an outstanding example of the interaction of marine and terrestrial ecosystems as well as extraordinary ecosystem productivity, largely influenced by the formation of seasonal sea ice at the lowest latitude in the northern hemisphere. It has particular importance for a number of marine and terrestrial species, some of them endangered and endemic, such as Blackiston’s fish owl and the Viola kitamiana plant. The site is globally important for threatened seabirds and migratory birds, a number of salmonid species, and for marine mammals including Steller’s sea lion and some cetacean species.

知床半岛

知床半岛位于日本最北部的岛屿北海道的东北部，包括半岛中部到其顶端（知床岬）的陆地部分和周围海域。它是北半球低纬度地区受季节性海冰形成极大影响的海洋和陆地生态系统以及生态系统生产力相互作用的突出典范。对许多海洋性和陆地物种具有特别的重要意义，这些物种中，有些是濒危和地方性的，例如毛腿渔鸮和知床堇植物。对于受到威胁的海鸟、候鸟、大量鲑类物种及包括北海狮和某些鲸类在内的海洋哺乳动物而言，知床半岛在全球具有重要意义。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

Set in the dense forests of the Kii Mountains overlooking the Pacific Ocean, three sacred sites – Yoshino and Omine, Kumano Sanzan, Koyasan – linked by pilgrimage routes to the ancient capital cities of Nara and Kyoto, reflect the fusion of Shinto, rooted in the ancient tradition of nature worship in Japan, and Buddhism, which was introduced from China and the Korean Peninsula. The sites ( 495.3 ha) and their surrounding forest landscape reflect a persistent and extraordinarily well-documented tradition of sacred mountains over 1,200 years. The area, with its abundance of streams, rivers and waterfalls, is still part of the living culture of Japan and is much visited for ritual purposes and hiking, with up to 15 million visitors annually. Each of the three sites contains shrines, some of which were founded as early as the 9th century.

纪伊山地的圣地与参拜道

大峰、熊野三山以及高野山三座圣地坐落在纪伊山地茂密的森林中，俯瞰太平洋，它们通过多条参拜古道连接奈良和京都两个古都，反映出根植于日本自然崇拜古老传统的神道教与自中国和朝鲜半岛引入日本的佛教的相互融合。该遗址（面积为495.3公顷）及其周围的森林景观是1200多年来持续保留完好的圣山传统的写照。这个地区连同其丰富的小溪、河流和瀑布仍然是日本现存文化的一部分，每年吸引多达1500万游客来参拜和游览。三个遗址内都有神殿，有些神殿甚至修建于9世纪。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

Five hundred years of Ryukyuan history (12th-17th century) are represented by this group of sites and monuments. The ruins of the castles, on imposing elevated sites, are evidence for the social structure over much of that period, while the sacred sites provide mute testimony to the rare survival of an ancient form of religion into the modern age. The wide- ranging economic and cultural contacts of the Ryukyu Islands over that period gave rise to a unique culture.

琉球王国时期的遗迹

该遗址群和建筑群展示了琉球王国500多年的历史（公元12世纪至17世纪），雄伟的城堡遗址体现了那个时期琉球王国的社会结构，而岛上的宗教圣地则无言地述说着古代宗教形式到现代少有的延续。在那500年中，琉球群岛王国广泛地与外界进行着经济和文化交流，从而造就了这一独特的文化遗存。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

The shrines and temples of Nikko, together with their natural surroundings, have for centuries been a sacred site known for its architectural and decorative masterpieces. They are closely associated with the history of the Tokugawa Shoguns.

日光神殿和庙宇

几个世纪以来，日光神殿和神庙与它们周围的自然环境一直被视为神圣之地，并因其杰出的建筑和装饰而闻名于世。同时该遗址与德川幕府时期的历史具有密切的关系。

Long Description

Nikko is a perfect illustration of the architectural style of the Edo period as applied to Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples. The ingenuity and creativity of its architects and decorators are revealed in an outstanding and distinguished. The shrines and temples, together with their environment, are an outstanding example of a traditional Japanese religious centre, associated with the Shinto perception of the relationship of man with nature, in which mountains and forests have a sacred meaning and are objects of veneration, in a religious practice that is still very much alive today.

At the end of the 8th century a Buddhist monk, Shodo, erected the first buildings on the slopes of Nikko sacred mountain, which had been worshipped since time immemorial. At the end of the 12th century, the Kamakura Shogunate established itself in the region of Kanto, enabling Nikko to strengthen its position further as a major sacred site in Kanto. However, the site was abandoned owing to the upheavals of the Muromachi period, in the 16th century. It was chosen as the site for the Tôshôgu, a sanctuary composed of several buildings erected to house the mausoleum of T Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate. This regime was in power for over 250 years in the history of Japan. Since this period, Nikko has played a very important role as a symbol of national sovereignty, not only in the eyes of local authorities but also those of leaders of neighbouring countries who sent their emissaries to pay tribute to Ieyasu, a deified personage.

In 1871, the Meiji government decided to divide the site and its religious buildings into three groups entrusted to three separate religious organizations: Futarasan-jinja and Tôshôgu for the Shinto cult and Rinnô-ji for Buddhism. This reorganization entailed moving and restoring certain buildings.

·                    The Futarasan-jinja: devoted to the three divinities of Mount Nantai, it forms a complex of buildings. Most of them were restored or built in the 17th century, following old traditions, and they exerted a general influence in the layout of shrines throughout Japan. Among the buildings, mention should be made of the Honden and the Haiden, the heart of the shrine, the Betsugû Takino-o-jinja Honden, with a construction plan dating back to the year 825, and the Shin-yosha, the oldest example of an architectural style which was to inspire the first construction phases of the Tôshôgu. The Shinkyô is also part of the Futarasan-jinja. This sacred bridge, straddling the river Daiya, appears to belong to the Muromachi period. Its present configuration, a vermilion lacquer bridge resting on massive stone pillars, goes back to 1636.

·                    The Tôshôgu: this shrine, founded in the 17th century, comprises a large number of buildings. A suite of three sacred chambers is a perfect illustration of the H-shaped architectural layout known as Gongen-zukuri. The Shômen Karamon and the Haimen Karamon, a masterpiece of craftsmanship is inspired by a foreign style, hence the common name of 'Chinese door'. The Yômeimon, erected in 1636, is probably the best-known example of the architectural style of Nikko. It is covered in a profusion and infinite variety of decoration. The Tôzai Sukibe, also dating to 1636, is a wall about 160 m long, surrounding the Honden , Ishinoma and Haiden group. The Tôzai Kairo, a corridor 220 m long, with a southern section formed of 25 sculpted panels, surrounds three sides of the same Honden , Ishinoma and Haiden group.

·                    The Rinnô-ji: the origin of this Buddhist temple goes back to the 8th century, and it has always remained a place of worship. Major constructions were added at the beginning of the Edo period, especially in 1653 for the mausoleum of the third shogun, Togukawa Iemitsu. The group, in the Gongen-zukuri shape and style and composed of the Taiyû-in Reibyô Honden, Ainoma and Haiden, is listed as a National Treasure. It is a pure masterpiece of architecture and decoration.

Thanks to centuries of landscaping, the temples and shrines blend harmoniously into their natural setting. The buildings are arranged on the mountain slopes in such a way as to create different visual effects. Thousands of Japanese cedars (Cryptomeria ) were planted during the Tôshôgu construction period in the early 17th century. This forest provides an exceptional natural bower for the shrines and temples, adding considerably to the beauty and sacred character of the site.

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

Nara was the capital of Japan from 710 to 784. During this period the framework of national government was consolidated and Nara enjoyed great prosperity, emerging as the fountainhead of Japanese culture. The city's historic monuments – Buddhist temples, Shinto shrines and the excavated remains of the great Imperial Palace – provide a vivid picture of life in the Japanese capital in the 8th century, a period of profound political and cultural change.

古奈良的历史遗迹

奈良在公元710年至784年是日本的首都，在那个时期，日本国家政府的结构确定了下来，并且奈良到达了其鼎盛时期，成为日本文化的发源地。古奈良的历史遗迹——佛教庙宇、神道教神殿以及挖掘出来的帝国宫殿遗迹——向世人展示了一幅公元8世纪日本首都的生动画面，深刻揭示了当时的政治及文化动荡和变迁。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

The island of Itsukushima, in the Seto inland sea, has been a holy place of Shintoism since the earliest times. The first shrine buildings here were probably erected in the 6th century. The present shrine dates from the 12th century and the harmoniously arranged buildings reveal great artistic and technical skill. The shrine plays on the contrasts in colour and form between mountains and sea and illustrates the Japanese concept of scenic beauty, which combines nature and human creativity.

严岛神殿

严岛位于濑户内海，自古以来一直是神道教的圣地。岛上的第一座神殿可追溯到公元6世纪。现在见到的神殿建于公元13世纪，协调有致的建筑显示了卓越的艺术水平和技术能力。神殿通过大海和高山不同色彩和形态的强烈反差完美地表达了日本人对于自然之美的理念，即自然美和人类所创造美的融合。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

Himeji-jo is the finest surviving example of early 17th-century Japanese castle architecture, comprising 83 buildings with highly developed systems of defence and ingenious protection devices dating from the beginning of the Shogun period. It is a masterpiece of construction in wood, combining function with aesthetic appeal, both in its elegant appearance unified by the white plastered earthen walls and in the subtlety of the relationships between the building masses and the multiple roof layers.

姬路城

姬路城堡是17世纪早期日本城堡建筑保存最为完好的例子，整个城堡由83座建筑物组成，展示了幕府时代高度发达的防御系统和精巧的防护装置。这些建筑在保证了防御功能的同时也体现了极高的美学价值，是木结构建筑的典范之作。城堡的白色外墙、建筑物的布局和城堡屋顶的多层设计都显得气势恢弘，雄伟壮观。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

Situated in the mountains of northern Honshu, this trackless site includes the last virgin remains of the cool-temperate forest of Siebold's beech trees that once covered the hills and mountain slopes of northern Japan. The black bear, the serow and 87 species of birds can be found in this forest.

白神山地

白神山地位于北本州的群山中，该地区人迹罕至，保留了最后一个未被开发的寒带西博尔德毛榉树森林遗迹，西博尔德毛榉树曾经分布很广，几乎覆盖日本北部的所有丘陵和山坡。白神山地森林中还生活着黑熊、鬣羚和87种鸟类。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

Located in the interior of Yaku Island, at the meeting-point of the palaearctic and oriental biotic regions, Yakushima exhibits a rich flora, with some 1,900 species and subspecies, including ancient specimens of the sugi (Japanese cedar). It also contains a remnant of a warm-temperate ancient forest that is unique in this region.

屋久岛

屋久岛位于古北区和远东生物区的交汇点，该岛拥有丰富的植物资源，大约有1900种（亚种）植物，包括古老的杉树样本（日本杉）。屋久岛还拥有该地区唯一一处暖温带古代森林遗迹。

Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

Built in A.D. 794 on the model of the capitals of ancient China, Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japan from its foundation until the middle of the 19th century. As the centre of Japanese culture for more than 1,000 years, Kyoto illustrates the development of Japanese wooden architecture, particularly religious architecture, and the art of Japanese gardens, which has influenced landscape gardening the world over.

古京都遗址（京都、宇治和大津城）

古京都是仿效古代中国首都形式，于公元794年建立的。从建立起直到19世纪中叶古京都一直是日本的帝国首都。作为一千多年来日本的文化中心，古京都不仅见证了日本木结构建筑，特别是宗教建筑的发展，而且也向世人展示着日本花园艺术的变迁，现在日本的花园设计艺术已经对全世界的景观花园设计产生了重大影响。

UNESCO VERSION:

Brief Description

Located in a mountainous region that was cut off from the rest of the world for a long period of time, these villages with their Gassho-style houses subsisted on the cultivation of mulberry trees and the rearing of silkworms. The large houses with their steeply pitched thatched roofs are the only examples of their kind in Japan. Despite economic upheavals, the villages of Ogimachi, Ainokura and Suganuma are outstanding examples of a traditional way of life perfectly adapted to the environment and people's social and economic circumstances.

白川乡和五屹山历史村座

白川乡和五屹山村落，地处山区，长期以来与外界隔绝。这些村落的居民以种桑养蚕为生，当地的农舍很有特色，在日本是独一无二的，它们比一般农舍略大，为两层结构，屋顶坡面很陡，用茅草覆盖。尽管经历了严重的经济动荡，荻町、相仓和菅沼这些村落依旧体现了当地人那种与自然生活环境和社会经济环境完美适应的传统生活方式。

目前，道德急速下滑，贪官横行，毒食品、豆腐渣工程、环境污染等社会问题层出不穷，人人自危。仇富、仇官的情绪在蔓延，网络上流传一篇文章列举了八个事件来证实，中国人似乎对什么都不再相信了。
《九个头条网》日前发表一篇文章〝中国人，你为什么什么都不信〞，文章一开始引述一幅在网络上广为流传的漫画，颇能代表当下中国人的无奈心境：

一男一女相遇，发现对方还活着，喜极而泣。

男：“你没有被地沟油、苏丹红、瘦肉精、毒馒头毒死真是太好了!你家的楼也没有着火!你家门前的桥没有塌吧?上班扶梯也没有故障真是幸运!太好了!我们又活了一天”

女：“我真担心你上班路上遇到70码!或者被人连捅8刀!最担心的还是城管打人误伤了你!害怕你坐动车!也不敢给你打电话，怕你手机爆炸。

这时，铁道部前发言人王勇平的声音传来：你们都是生命的奇迹！

在日常生活中，我们总会遇到这样的一些事：专家一辟谣大家就发笑、老人当街跌倒无人敢上前救助、灾难时期网友对捐款倡议说“捐你妹”、一有风吹草动群众就开始抢粮抢盐……有人说，这是因为我们愚昧无知、冷漠又缺乏常识。是真的这样吗？不是的，其实我们只是缺乏安全感，我们正在遭遇信任危机。

事件一：被撞女子求司机别碾死她

河南荥阳市发生一起车祸，被撞的女子被卡在车轮下，连声喊疼，并央求“不要碾死我”。一句“不要碾死我”，透露出社会的信任危机，足以让人沉思。社会诚信缺失、信任度下降、人际关系冷漠，我们似乎已经进入了一个“陌生人社会”。

事件二：儿子溺水身亡，家长接56个电话皆以为骗子打

男青年池某在武汉溺水身亡，同学给他福建老家的父亲及亲属打了56个报信电话，对方就是不信，认为他是一个骗子。最后拨打青年堂哥电话，报出了青年的出生地、出生年月日及部分亲属的名字后，堂哥才开始半信半疑了，随后给身在武汉的妹妹打电话，要她前去确认，亲自确认是真实后，家长才嚎啕大哭。

事件三：职业乞丐很有钱，同情心越来越不值钱

重庆一乞丐姚某最初是一个人在地铁上行乞。后来和老婆各自带着一个小孩，装作两腿严重残疾无法行走，骗取乘客的同情，时间长达三四年。姚某自称每天乞讨到500元就收工，在南京买了两套房，以一边乞讨一边旅游的方式去过港澳，给孩子在那买过奶粉。网友感慨：情何以堪！

事件四：蒙牛被篡改牛奶生产日期

浙江省工商局通报，蒙牛3000箱临期奶被篡改生产日期二次销售。蒙牛公司表示，“此事系公司浙江省义乌市经理王孙富伙同社会人士所为”，蒙牛“目前正全面配合当地工商、公安机关调查此案”，并承诺将无条件回收更换涉案牛奶。 继三聚氰胺事件后，牛奶又一次伤害了国人的心。

事件五：刘翔伤退，央视早有准备

伦敦奥运上刘翔负伤，单脚跳着离场，再次上演了英雄悲情一幕，央视杨健哽咽的解说也令人无比动容。 但刘翔脚伤严重央视早已知道，做了四套解说预案。 有媒体在报导这件事时说：“刘翔知道、央视知道、领导知道，只有观众在傻等奇迹”。 网友说：连刘翔都被用于蒙骗观众搏取收视，我们还可以信什么？

事件六:北京大水募捐，数万网友回复“捐你妹”

北京“7·21”暴雨后，北京市民政局微博发布信息，倡议大家捐款，不过网友表示不信任，回复了数万条“捐你妹”。在其后的新闻发布会上，中国红十字会副会长赵白鸽表示自己不懂“捐你妹”是啥意思，但老百姓的任何情绪，都是红会改进工作的重要动力。 网友：不懂“捐你妹”是啥意思，叫郭妹妹给你老人家解释一下…

事件七：老人摔倒无人扶，老外目睹后哭骂

一名老人在上海淮海西路摔倒，头磕破血流不止，周围群众拨打了急救电话，但无人敢上前搀扶。一名外国女士经过后，见到老人惨状痛哭，大骂围观者冷漠，并掏出现金表示愿意支付医药费。随后到场的民警再次呼叫120，老人被送往医院。

事件八：皮鞋变酸奶心有余悸

2012年，皮鞋的功能被无限放大，成了食品、药品界的“百变星君”。从此，皮鞋不再被人踩在脚下，而是乔装打扮，登上了人们的餐桌。它可以是酸奶，可以是果冻，还可以是胶囊……皮鞋君真的很忙。“修正药业，专注皮鞋30年。”这是网友给修正药业拟的新广告语。同时，网友对“百变星君”皮鞋的调侃热情空前高涨。“想吃果冻了，舔下皮鞋；想喝老酸奶了，舔下皮鞋；感冒要吃药了，还是舔下皮鞋。

生于此长于此，整个社会弥漫着一股不信任的阴霾，我们深陷信任危机中，想获取安全感的心无处安放。在这股社会寒潮里，我们不禁问：为什么我们不能彼此信任？

一说司法：
当前，部分群众对司法的不信任感正在逐渐泛化成普遍社会心理，这是一种极其可怕的现象。 -------沈德咏

二说官员：
诸如失德官员违纪违法、干部提拔暗箱操作、三公经费不公开透明、听证会民众被代表等造成的负面效应，也一定程度对政府公信和社会风气造成了戕害。 --------高伟

三说发展思路
正是这种追赶西方现代化的发展思路一直引领着中国以经济增长为中心的道路。铁道部修高铁就是一例。拼命地追求建设的高速度，争世界第一，借了巨额国债，在相当长的时间还不上。实际上有什么必要非要这样去做呢，不争第一有什么了不起呢？

从社会风气还可以看出发展思路的问题。曾几何时，社会变得中国人都不认识了。一切向钱看，有理没钱莫进来。相当一部分人的获利是依靠权力，权力成为公开的买卖筹码。权钱交易批判了这么多年，越批规模越大，这是怎么造成的呢？

社会的弱势群体，几亿农民还有两亿多农民工，社会的地位日渐低下。公权力对于他们的社会保护经常缺位，国家的法律不能保护社会公平，甚至一些地方的公权力还会联合资本进行“圈地运动”。平民的被剥夺感从未如此强烈，仇富、仇官的情绪在蔓延。

----------杨团

四说文化习俗
由于中国盛行熟人社会与生人社会的区别对待，对于欺骗外人、生人的行为就缺乏内在的规范力量。这个习俗就是费孝通所提出的差序格局，就像在水中投入一颗石子，水面上泛开一圈一圈的水纹；在中国社会中，每个人都是以自己为核心，血亲，姻亲，朋友，熟人，一圈一圈延伸开去，按离自己距离的远近来划分亲疏。信任只在熟人圈里，对陌生人世界是完全不信任的，并且由此也认为，对陌生人的欺骗行为并不违反行为规范。差序格局揭示的是一种典型的熟人社会价值观：只是在熟人圈子里才有信任，对于陌生人是完全没有信任的。---------李银河

五说宗教信仰
因为中国是一个无神论（或泛神论）的社会。当中国人撒谎或造假时是没有内心痛苦的，因为他知道除了被抓到之外，不会有惩罚，不会下地狱，所以什么都可以做。-------李银河


我们怕吃到地沟油和含镉大米，怕喝到毒牛奶和不符合标准的矿泉水，怕住进豆腐渣房子，怕走着走着桥断了动车折了，怕司法不严执法不正，接个推广电话怕被受骗，碰到路人问路怕被迷晕，出门旅行怕被坑得体无完肤……脆弱的诚信体系使得我们小心翼翼如履薄冰。
因为这种诚信缺失、信任下降、人际疏离，无形中让我们增加了各种社会成本——生活成本、生存成本、消费成本、交易成本等的支出，由此带来的社会运行效率降低、办事难度上升。如何提升信用度，不仅是政府的棘手难题，也是我们整代人应该思考的。

http://www.360doc.com/content/15/0510/17/1164894_469457856.shtml