按：二十余年来，业余翻译或校对哲学、社会科学等人文学术期刊和师友论文摘要，至今已经译校不少篇什。它们或长或短，或深奥艰涩，或浅显易懂，却都是经过一番努力，数度推敲，几经润色定稿的。不过，最初几年的译校系手写，故均已散佚。1996年换笔改用电脑后虽然数次更换机器，多次重装或升级系统，其中偶然也有丢失，但绝大多数仍保存于硬盘。今特选择自认为比较忠实原文者，分批转帖，名之为《英译学术论文摘要》，以期方家哂正。下面是其二十四。——啮书轩主人启。
英译学术论文摘要【二十四】
I.
Local Militia Units as One of the Reasons for Sharp Reduction of Land Tax in Shandong under the Reign of Emperors Xianfeng and Tongzhi
“抗粮”与“敛费”：咸同之际山东田赋锐减的团练因素
Instead of the few provinces in southeast China, Shandong province was regarded as a new wealthy region in paying taxes and dues under the reign of Emperors Xianfeng and Tongzhi during the Qing Dynasty. However, the land tax imposed from Shandong was far below the expectation of the royal court owing to very complicated reasons. Among them, the “anti-payment of land tax” (kangliang) and the “extortion of fees and dues” (lianfei) of the local militia units (tuanlian) were considered as the key factors leading to the sharp reduction of land tax. For, these actions taken by the local militia units were admittedly related to the dissatisfaction from gentry and populace with the wanton grabbing of rural resources by the local authorities, but still the unexpected consequences brought about by the policy of self-financing for providing for and training the local militia units stipulated by the royal court of the Qing Dynasty was not to be ignored.
II.
in the period of Xianfeng and Tongzhi
咸同之际保举破格及其对铨选制度的冲击
In times of hospitalities between the peasant uprisings and the Imperial Government during the period under the reign of Emperor Xianfeng and Emperor Tongzhi, it became a general trend for the authorities to recommend and exceptionally recruit capable personnel. Consequently, it led to the breakthrough of the stipulations in matters concerning the Governor’s power to recruit personnel, and a large number of personnel go in for an official career, thus exerting an impact on the existing imperial selection system. Though the Qing court adopted various measures to deal with it, yet it took little effect due to the instability of the current situation. The conflicts between the personnel recommended and exceptionally recruited on the hand and those who had gone through the imperial examination are inevitable, demonstrating the competition between different personnel during the then era on the change.
III. Research on Conflicts between Governors and Provincial Assemblies
and Their Causes
论晚清督抚与谘议局的冲突及原因
The establishment of assemblies in all the provinces was a significant measure for the preparation for constitutionalism during the late Qing Dynasty. Many conflicts took place between governors and provincial assemblies as a result. The existing researches mainly take the position of provincial assemblies and regard these contradictions and conflicts as a struggle between the capitalist constitutionalists and the feudal rulers of the Qing government. Conclusion of this kind has naturally its merits; however, it has its demerits of simplifying complex historical events. There do exist multiple reasons behind theses conflicts between the two, for, on the one hand, the governors tried to maintain their authority while the legislators lacked administrative experiences and were obsessed with local interests, and some even manipulated the provincial assemblies for self interests, on the other. The purpose of the present article is to illustrate and analyze these factors specifically.
附：原文
一、“抗粮”与“敛费”：咸同之际山东田赋锐减的团练因素
咸同之际，山东取代东南数省而被清廷视为新的财赋之区。然而，山东提供的田赋收入恐怕要远低于清廷的预期。个中原因颇为复杂，但山东团练的抗粮和敛费行动在当时已被认作导致田赋锐减的关键。团练的抗粮和敛费行动固然与绅民不满官府加重攫取乡村资源有关，亦应看到清廷团费自筹政策产生的意外后果。
二、咸同之际保举破格及其对铨选制度的冲击
咸同军兴，为及时取用能员，保举破格成为大势所趋，由此推动了督抚用人权突破规制，也造成了大批人员涌入仕途，压迫正途，冲击了既有的铨选制度。清廷虽采取种种措施以应对，但终因时局不稳，取效甚微。保举人员与正途人员的冲突，反映了时代变局下不同人才间的竞争。
三、论晚清督抚与谘议局的冲突及原因
在各省设立谘议局是清廷预备立宪的重要举措之一。谘议局与督抚间发生了一系列冲突，此前学界关于谘议局与督抚冲突的研究多从谘议局一方立论，认为两者间的矛盾冲突反映了资产阶级立宪派与清朝封建统治者的斗争。如此立论虽有一定道理，但在某种程度上亦存在着把复杂的历史事件简单化的缺陷。造成督抚与谘议局之间冲突的原因是多方面的，有督抚维护自身专制权力的因素，有谘议局议员缺乏行政经验、书生论政的因素，有谘议局议员地方主义思想作祟的因素，还有部分谘议局议员把持谘议局谋求私利的因素，需作具体分析。
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