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英诗中四行五行以上的诗节

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英语诗歌的形式:诗行和诗节(五)

——英诗中四行五行以上的诗节

何功杰

 

3.四行诗节(Quatrains):[这个问题已在本人博客中有单独的介绍,这里不再重复]

4. 五行诗节:五行打油诗(Limerick)

    传统有名称的五行诗节在英语诗歌中虽不多见,但有一种叫作Limerick的五行诗在英语中极为流行。这种诗体通常译为“五行打油诗”,它有固定的形式,韵律是a a b b a如:

There was a Young Person of Ayr,

Whose head was remarkably square:

On the top, in fine weather,

She wore a Gold Feather,

Which dazzled the people of Ayr.

——By Edward Lear

 

    这种诗很短小,但幽默风趣,好像是漫画一样,有人称之为“胡说诗”(poetry of nonsense),儿童特别喜爱。其实这种诗体早就有了,只不过是到了19世纪才流行起来,这要归功于爱德华•李尔(Edward Lear,1812-88),因为他于1846年出版了一本专为儿童阅读的诗集《打油诗集》(The Book of Nonsense)。下面再引他写的一首五行打油诗:

There was an Old Man who said, “Hush!

I perceive a young bird in this bush!”

When said — “Is it small?”

He replied — “Not at all!              

It is four times as big as the bush!”

——Edward Lear

 

5. 七行诗节:王韵(Rhyme royal

    王韵是一种中世纪流行的诗节,每节有七行,每行抑扬格五音步(iambic pentameter),韵律是 ababbcc。之所以叫做“王韵”,据说可能是因为15世纪苏格兰的国王詹姆斯一世James I of Scotland, 1406-37)在他的长篇爱情诗《国王的诗书》(The King's Quair)中用过这种诗节。其实,这种诗节最初是乔叟在他的Complaint unto Pity一诗中首先运用的,他的长篇悲剧浪漫诗篇《特罗伊勒斯和克里塞德》(Troilus and Criseyd)有8000多行,都是采用“王韵”诗节写的。这种节奏适合于叙述浪漫的爱情故事,能表现出既严肃又幽默的情调。下面是特罗伊勒斯的一首情歌:

                                           Cantus Troilus1

                                            Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)

If no love is, O God, what fele2 I so?

And if love is, what thing and whiche3 is he?

If love be good, from whennes cometh my wo?4

If it be wikke5, a wonder thinketh me,6

When every torment and adversitee

That cometh of him, may to me savory thinke7;

For ay thurst I, the more that I it drinke.8

 

And if that at myn owene lust I brenne,9

Fro whennes cometh my wailing and my pleynte?10

If harme agree me, wher-to pleyne I thenne?11

I noot, ne why unwery that I faynte.12

0 quike deeth, o swete harm so queynte13,

How may of thee in me swich quantitee,14

But if that I consente that it be?

 

And if that I consente, I wrongfully

Compleyne, y-wis15; thus possed to and fro,

A sterelees withinne a boot am I

Amid the sea, bytwixen windes two,16

That in contrarie stonden eyermo.17

Alias!18 what is this wonder maladye?19

For hete20 of cold, for cold of hete, I dye.21

 

     特罗勒斯的情歌

         乔叟

 

假如没有爱,啊,我为何有此感受?

假如真的有爱,它究竟是什么东西;

假如爱是美好的,又从何而来这哀愁?

假如爱是邪恶的,我却感到有些离奇,

他带给我的一切折磨和叛逆,

我却似乎有无比甜美的快感:

我喝得愈多,愈觉得口干。

 

如果这是我自己心甘情愿,

又从何而来这苦恼和怨恨?

如果我容忍伤害,何必抱怨?

我既未疲劳,何以竟会发昏?

啊,生不如死,伤害如此迷人,

你给我的痛苦怎么可以这么多,

若是我自己不同意让你折磨。

 

可要是我自己同意,我就不该

如此抱怨;我终日漂荡

像无舵的船漂浮在大海,

两股风从两个相反方向

朝我吹打,使我永远不安。

啊,这是一种什么奇特的病,

冷中发热,热中发冷,断我生命。

 

6. 八行诗节(Ottava rima):

    每节8行,格律是五步抑扬格(iambic pentameter), 韵律是abababcc。这种诗节最初是14世纪意大利诗人蒲伽丘( Giovanni Boccaccio ,1313-75) 使用的,十五世纪才传到英国,后来的浪漫主义诗人拜伦(G. G. Byron)采用这种诗节写下了长篇著名史诗《唐璜》(Don Juan)和《审判的幻景》(Vision of Judgement)。下面一节引自拜伦的《唐璜》第三章第88节:

88

But words are things, and a small drop of ink,

Falling like dew, upon a thought, produces

That which makes thousands, perhaps millions, think;

'T is strange, the shortest letter which man uses

Instead of speech, may form a lasting link

Of ages; to what straits old Time reduces

Frail man, when paper — even a rag like this,

Survives himself, his tomb, and all that's his.

 (From Don Juan, Canto III by George Gordon Byron)

 

88

文字是有分量的,墨水一滴

一旦像露珠般滴上了一个概念

就会产生使千万人思索的东西;

说来奇怪,人原用文字代替语言,

但寥寥几个字却能把万代联系,
把脆弱的人欺得多惨的“时间”啊!
这么糟的一张纸能比人长寿——
比他的坟墓、他的一切都更能持久。

 

7. 九行诗节:斯宾塞诗节(Spenserian stanza):

    斯宾塞在他的《仙后》(The Faerie Queen)这首长诗中采用的是九行诗节,稱之为斯宾塞诗节(Spenserian stanza),韵律是ababbcbcc,诗节的前8行是五音步抑扬格,最后一行是六音步(hexameter),这六音步诗行又有一个名称叫做亚历山大诗行(alexandrine line)。

A Gentle knight was pricking on the plaine,

Ycladd in mightie armes and silver shielde,

Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remaine,

The cruel markes of many a bloudy fielde;

Yet armes till that time did he never wield:

His angry steede did chide his foming bitt,

As much disdaining to the curbe to yield:

Full jolly knight he seemd, and faire did sitt,

As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt.

(From The Faerie Queene, Canto I

1

一位高贵的武士策马奔驰在平原上,

身穿坚固甲胄,配带银色盾牌,

上面还留有残缺深凹的旧创伤,

残酷的痕迹是从血战中留下来;

但他从未挥动过武器,直到现在,

骏马斥责流涎的马辔,无比愤怒,

好像不肖屈服于马勒施加的阻碍;

他像一位勇敢的武士,英姿威武,

像参加比武的武士,能对付激烈的冲突。

    【仙后(第一卷第一章)】

 

    济慈在《圣阿格尼斯之夜》(The Evev of St. Agnes一诗种中采用了同样的九行诗节。下面是其中的第六节,描述的是一位年轻少女在St. Agnes's Day那天晚上可能梦见她未来丈夫的情景:

They told her how, upon St. Agnes' Eve,

Young virgins might have visions of delight,

And soft adorings from their loves receive

Upon the honey'd middle of the night,

If ceremonies due they did aright,

As, supperless to bed they must retire,

And couch supine their beauties, lily white;

Nor look behind, nor sideways, but require

Of heaven with upward eyes for all that hey desire.

 

8. 十四行诗(Sonnet):

    十四行诗是英语诗歌中最长的传统诗节,但也是格律最严格的一种诗体。通常有两种形式最为流行:一种称为皮特拉克体十四行诗(Petrarchan sonnet)或意大利体十四行诗(Italian Sonnet),另一种称为英国十四行诗(English sonnet)或莎士比亚体十四行诗(Shakespearian sonnet)。

皮特拉克体十四行诗全诗为由前8行(octave)和后6行(sestet)两部分组成,前8行的韵律是abba abba;后6行的韵律有变化,可以有两个韵或三个韵,一般不超过三韵。十四行诗的起源尚无人考证,这种形式的十四行诗之所以称为皮特拉克体,主要是因为意大利诗人皮特拉克(Francesco Petrarca 1304-74)是第一个用这种诗体写了关于他和罗拉的爱情诗,从而奠定了这种诗体的形式和主题。十四行诗最初都是以爱情为题材的,只是到了16世纪以后,题材方变得多样化(至少在英国是如此)。

皮特拉克体十四行诗在形式结构上把内容也分成前后两个部分,第一部分(前8行)通常是描写一种经历,或一个情景,或提出某一种思想,在第二部分中(后6行)进行阐述,得出结论。

 

On His Being Arrived to the Age of Twenty-Three

 

How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,

Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!

My hasting days fly on with full career,

But my late spring no bud or blossom show'th,

Perhaps my semblance might deceive the truth,

That I to manhood am arrived so near,

And inward ripeness doth much less appear,

That some more timely-happy spirits endu'th.

Yet be it less or more, or soon or slow,

It shall be still in strictest measure even

To that same lot, however mean or high,

Toward which Time leads me, and the will of Heaven;

All is, if I have grace to use it so,

As ever in my great Task-Master's eye.

 

二十三岁有感

 

多么快速的时光,狡猾的青春小偷,

你一张翅就窃走了我二十三年!

我的匆匆岁月全速地飞驰向前,

但到了暮春连花朵蓓蕾都没有。

或许我的外貌可能欺骗了实际要求

以至看上去似乎接近了成年,

其实内心成熟还远没有出现,

不像成熟的幸运儿都有了成就。

但是无论是多是少,是快还是慢,

时光总是按最严格的标准公平

对待同样的命运,高贵还是低微,

由时光老人带路,由天意引领;

假如我能通情达理利用时光,

一切都在伟大的造物主眼里。

 

    这首十四行诗的韵律前八行是abba abba,后六行是 cde dce, 没有超过三个韵。诗人在前八行描写了一种经历,一种感想,即23年的青春时光倏忽而逝,与那些幸运儿相比,感到自己内心还没有成熟,还没有建树。后六行针对这种情况提出了自己的看法,决定了自己的努力方向,即,无论成熟如否,无论成果多少,也无论命运高贵还是低微,他将通情达理利用时光,由天意和时光引领,听从造物主安排。内容和形式配合默契,从而内容和形式的完美统一。

 

   十四行诗传入英国以后,有很多诗人模仿,如Thomas Wyatt,Henry Howard,Earl of Surrey,等等,其中Sir PhilipSidney于1591年出版的十四行组诗Astrophiland Stella是最有影响的,为具有英国特色的十四行诗奠定了基础。他的十四行体与皮特拉克体有所不同,全诗主要由十二行加最后两行对偶句组成,这种结构形式很快在英国流行起来。后来,莎士比亚也用这种诗体写了154首十四行组诗,并且把结构分为三个四行组加两行对偶句结尾,韵律是abab cdcd efef gg。这种十四诗称为英国十四行体(English Sonnet)或莎士比亚体十四行体(Shakesperian sonnet)。诗人通常在三个四行组中提出一个问题,或提出一种思想,或描写几种情景,然后在最后两行对偶句中,给以回答,或予以总结,或得出一个结论。我们发现,在莎士比亚体十四行诗中,最后两行对偶句是非常重要的,常以警句形式出现。

    Sonnet 73

William Shakespeare

 

That time of year thou may’st in me behold

When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang

Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,

Bare ruin’d choirs where late the sweet birds sang.

In me thou see'st the twilight of such day,

As after sunset fadeth in the west;

Which by and by black night doth take away,

Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest.

In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire,

That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,

As the deathbed whereon it must expire,

Consumed with that which it was nourished by:

This thou perceiv’st, which makes thy love more strong,

To love that well, which thou must leave ere long.

 

  十四行诗 第七三首

 莎士比亚

那样时令你可在我身上看到:

几片黄叶挂在枝头随风飘荡,

或枝头空空,只有寒风呼啸,

歌坛败落,不再有鸟儿歌唱。

在我身上你可看见暮色沉沉,

宛如夕阳离去,退入了西天,

不久将进入黑夜——死神的化身,

连同世界万物,一起封进长眠。

你可在我身上看见这样的火焰:

躺在自己青春余烬上闪着微光,

像躺在死床上一样,气息奄奄,

不久将同燃烧的物质一道消亡。

你看到这一切应该爱我更强烈,

好好爱吧,不久你我必将分别。

 

    这首十四行诗是呼唤爱的。诗中的“我”为了表达对爱友强烈的爱,把自己比喻成残冬,黄昏,残光余焰,目的是希望他的爱友能好好地、强烈地爱他。这就是这首诗要表达的主题思想。

    全诗的内容可分为前十二行和末两行两大部份,韵律是abab cdcd efef gg;前十二行又可分为三个四行组,每个四行组是一个意象:第一个四行组是一幅凋零、寒峭、冷寂的残冬景象,第二个四行组是一幅昏冥的黄昏情景,第三个四行组描写的是在余烬上闪烁的残光余焰。三个四行组三个意象,三个比喻,象征着老残暮年,接近末日。最后两行对偶句点明主题,表达了强烈的爱的意图,形式与内容统一,二者结合缜密无间。

 

    英语诗歌中的诗行和诗节,有传统固定的,更多的是非传统不固定的,必须特别指出的是,读诗时能识别诗节形式并不是我们的最终目的,重要的是,读者应该意识到,诗人是怎样利用不同的诗节形式去组织和表达不同的情感内容的,诗节形式和内容是否有某种默契,诗人采用某种诗节形式是否恰当,有什么特殊效果,等等。

 

[关于《英语诗歌的形式:诗行和诗节》就介绍和讨论到此,如有不妥或错误之处,衷心欢迎批评指正,以便修改。凡有引用,请注明原作者。谢谢!]



1 这首诗选自长诗《特罗勒斯和克瑞西达》(1372-1386)。

2 = feel

3 =which

4 from where comes my woe?

5 =wicked

6 I think (it is) a wonder.

7 When every torment and …to savory thinke: When every torment and adversity comes from him I think it seems savory to me.

8 For the more I drink it, the more I feel thirst.

9 And if that at myn owene lust I brenne: And if I breed my lust at my own.

10 From where comes my wailing and my complaint?

11 If harm agree with me, why do I complain then?

12 I am not weary, no, then why do I faint?

13 quike deeth=quick death; swete=sweet; queynte=quaint,i.e. attractive, strange

14 swich quanritee: such quantitee, i.e. such a lot (of)

15 I wrongfully complain in such a way.

16 between the two winds.

17 evermore in contrary stonk.

18 =Alas!

19 =malady, i.e. illness

20 =heat

21 =die


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