鲁迅《一件小事》两种英文本对比赏析

一鸣辑录

一件小事

鲁迅

我从乡下跑到京城里，一转眼已经六年了。其间耳闻目睹的所谓国家大事，算起来也很不少；但在我心里，都不留什么痕迹。倘要我寻出这些事的影响来说，便只是增长了我的坏脾气，——老实说，便是教我一天比一天的看不起人。

有一件小事，却于我有意义，将我从坏脾气里拖开，使我至今忘记不得。

这是民国六年的冬天，大北风刮得正猛，我因为生计关系，不得不一早在路上走。一路几乎遇不见人，好容易才雇定了一辆人力车，教他拉到S门去。不一会，北风小了，路上浮尘早已刮净，剩 下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。刚近S门，忽而车把上带着一个人，慢慢地倒了。

跌倒的是一个女人，花白头发，衣服都很破烂。伊从马路边上突然向车前横截过来；车夫已经让开道，但伊的破棉背心没有上扣，微风吹着，向外展开，所以终于兜着车把。幸而车夫早有点停步，否则伊定要栽一个大斤斗，跌到头破血出了。

伊伏在地上；车夫便也立住脚。我料定这老女人并没有伤，又没有别人看见，便很怪他多事，要自己惹出是非，也误了我的路。

我便对他说，“没有什么的。走你的罢！”

车夫毫不理会，——或者并没有听到，——却放下车子，扶那老女人慢慢起来，搀着臂膊立定，问伊说：

“你怎么啦？”

“我摔坏了。”

我想，我眼见你慢慢倒地，怎么会摔坏呢，装腔作势罢了，这真可憎恶。车夫多事，也正是自讨苦吃，现在你自己想法去。

车夫听了这老女人的话，却毫不踌躇，仍然搀着伊的臂膊，便一步一步的向前走。我有些诧异，忙看前面，是一所巡警分驻所，大风之后，外面也不见人。这车夫扶着那老女人，便正是向那大门走去。

我这时突然感到一种异样的感觉，觉得他满身灰尘的后影，刹时高大了，而且愈走愈大，须仰视才见。而且他对于我，渐渐的又几乎变成一种威压，甚而至于要榨出皮袍下面藏着的“小”来。

我的活力这时大约有些凝滞了，坐着没有动，也没有想，直到看见分驻所里走出一个巡警，才下了车。

巡警走近我说，“你自己雇车罢，他不能拉你了。”

我没有思索的从外套袋里抓出一大把铜元，交给巡警，说，“请你给他……”

风全住了，路上还很静。我走着，一面想，几乎怕敢想到自己。以前的事姑且搁起，这一大把铜元又是什么意思？奖他么？我还能裁判车夫么？我不能回答自己。

这事到了现在，还是时时记起。我因此也时时煞了苦痛，努力的要想到我自己。几年来的文治武力，在我早如幼小时候所读过的“子曰诗云"一般，背不上半句了。独有这一件小事，却总是浮在我眼前，有时反更分明，教我惭愧，催我自新，并且增长我的勇气和希望。

（摘自鲁迅《鲁迅全集》，第一卷，北京：人民文学出版社，1982。）

译文1：

A SMALL INCIDENT

(From the "Call to Arms" collection)

Six years have slipped by since I came from the country to the capital. During that time the number of so-called affairs of state I have witnessed or heard about is far from small, but none of them made much impression. If asked to define their influence on me, I can only say they made my bad temper worse. Frankly speaking, they taught me to take a poorer view of people every day.

One small incident, however, which struck me as significant and jolted me out of my irritability, remains fixed even now in my memory.

It was the winter of 1917, a strong north wind was blustering, but the exigencies of earning my living forced me to be up and out early. I met scarcely a soul on the road, but eventually managed to hire a rickshaw to take me to S-Gate. Presently the wind dropped a little, having blown away the drifts of dust on the road to leave a clean broad highway, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace. We were just approaching S-Gate when we knocked into someone who slowly toppled over.

It was a grey-haired woman in ragged clothes. She had stepped out abruptly from the roadside in front of us, and although the rickshaw man had swerved, her tattered padded waistcoat, unbuttoned and billowing in the wind, had caught on the shaft. Luckily the rickshaw man had slowed down, otherwise she would certainly have had a bad fall and it might have been a serious accident.

She huddled there on the ground, and the rickshaw man stopped. As I did not believe the old woman was hurt and as no one else had seen us, I thought this halt of his uncalled for, liable to land him trouble and hold me up.

"It's all right," I said. "Go on."

He paid no attention - he may not have heard - but set down the shafts, took the old woman's arm and gently helped her up.

"Are you all right?" he asked.

"I hurt myself falling."

I thought: I saw how slowly you fell, how could you be hurt? Putting on an act like this is simply disgusting. The rickshaw man asked for trouble, and now he's got it. He'll have to find his own way out.

But the rickshaw man did not hesitate for a minute after hearing the old woman's answer. Still holding her arm, he helped her slowly forward. Rather puzzled by his I looked ahead and saw a police-station. Because of the high wind, there was no one outside. It was there that the rickshaw man was taking the old woman.

Suddenly I had the strange sensation that his dusty retreating figure had in that instant grown larger. Indeed, the further he walked the larger he loomed, until I had to look up to him. At the same time he seemed gradually to be exerting a pressure on me which threatened to overpower the small self hidden under my fur-lined gown. Almost paralysed at that juncture I sat there motionless, my mind a blank, until a policeman came out. Then I got down from the rickshaw.

The policeman came up to me and said, "Get another rickshaw. He can't take you any further."

On the spur of the moment I pulled a handful of coppers from my coat pocket and handed them to the policeman. "Please give him this," I said.

The wind had dropped completely, but the road was still quiet. As I walked along thinking, I hardly dared to think about myself. Quite apart from what had happened earlier, what had I meant by that handful of coppers? Was it a reward? Who was I to judge the rickshaw man? I could give myself no answer.

Even now, this incident keeps coming back to me. It keeps distressing me and makes me try to think about myself. The politics and the fighting of those years have slipped my mind as completely as the classics I read as a child. Yet this small incident keeps coming back to me, often more vivid than in actual life, teaching me shame, spurring me on to reform, and imbuing me with fresh courage and fresh hope.

Translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang

（选自杨宪益、戴乃迭译《鲁迅作品选集》）

译文2：

A Small Event

Six years have gone by in the blink of an eye since I came to the capital from the countryside. During these six years I have witnessed and heard about quite a number of big events known as 'affairs of state' None of them, however, has had any impact on my heart. If anything, they have only made me increasingly gloomy. To tell the truth, they have made me more and more contemptuous of other people.

But there was one small event which had deep significance for me and which pulled me out of my gloom. I still remember it clearly today.

It was a winter day in the sixth year of the Republic (1917) and a strong northerly wind was blowing. I set off early in the morning to go to work. There was hardly anybody on the street. It was quite some time before I finally succeeded in hiring a rickshaw. I told the rickshawman to take me to the South Gate.

After a while the north wind abated, leaving in its wake a clean stretch of road free of loose dust, which enabled the rickshawman to run more quickly. Just as we approached the South Gate the right shaft of the rickshaw collided with someone, who crumpled to the ground.

The fallen person was a woman, with streaks of white in her hair and wearing ragged clothes. She had darted suddenly from the side of the street and crossed directly in front of us. The rickshawman had swerved aside, but her tattered cotton-padded vest, unbuttoned and fluttering in the wind, still got caught on he shaft. Fortunately, the rickshawman had slowed his pace, otherwise she would surely have been thrown head over heels and seriously injured.

The old woman was down on all fours; the rickshawman halted. As I was sure she was not hurt and no one else had seen the collision, I thought the rickshawman was overreacting. He was simply asking for trouble and delaying my journey.

"This is nothing," I said to him. "Just go on!"

But the rickshawman ignored my command, or perhaps he did not hear me. He put down the shafts and gently helped the old woman to her feet. Supporting her by the arm, he asked:

"Are you all right?"

"I am hurt."

I thought, "I saw you fall down slowly on the ground. How can you be hurt? You're only pretending. This whole thing is disgraceful. By being meddlesome, the rickshawman is bringing trouble upon himself. So let him get out of this mess by himself."

After hearing the woman's reply, the rickshawman did not hesitate for a moment. Still supporting her by the arm, he walked her forward step by step. A little surprised, I looked ahead. In the distance was a police station. No one stood outside, the wind having driven everyone indoors. The rickshawman was guiding the woman there.

At that moment I suddenly experienced a curious sensation. As I watched the back of his dust-covered frame, the rickshawman suddenly seemed to loom quite large in my field of vision, continuing to grow in size as he walked further away, until I had to raise my head in order to take him in. At the same time he seemed to have become a kind of pressure exuding toward me, a force that seemed to squeeze out all the "smallness" hidden under my fur-lined cloak.
For a moment I felt as though my blood had solidified. I sat immobile, stunned...

(Translated by David Moser and 陈国华，《英语学习》2002年第8期)

鲁迅《狂人日记》杨宪益、戴乃迭英译本赏析—论文选题四

狂人日记

鲁迅

某君昆仲，今隐其名，皆余昔日在中学时良友；分隔多年，消息渐阙。日前偶闻其一大病；适归故乡，迂道往访，则仅晤一人，言病者其弟也。 劳君远道来视，然已早愈，赴某地候补⑵矣。因大笑，出示日记二册，谓可见当日病状，不妨献诸旧友。持归阅一过，知所患盖“迫害狂”之类。语颇错杂无伦次，又多荒唐之言；亦不著月日，惟墨色字体不一，知非一时所书。间亦有略具联络者，今撮录一篇，以供医家研究。记中语误，一字不易；惟人名虽皆村人，不为世间所知，无关大体，然亦悉易去。至于书名，则本人愈后所题，不复改也。七年四月二日识。

一

　　今天晚上，很好的月光。

　　我不见他，已是三十多年；今天见了，精神分外爽快。才知道以前的三十多年，全是发昏；然而须十分小心。不然，那赵家的狗，何以看我两眼呢？

　　我怕得有理。

二

　　今天全没月光，我知道不妙。早上小心出门，赵贵翁的眼色便怪：似乎怕我，似乎想害我。还有七八个人，交头接耳的议论我，张着嘴，对我笑了一笑；我便从头直冷到脚根，晓得他们布置，都已妥当了。

　　我可不怕，仍旧走我的路。前面一伙小孩子，也在那里议论我；眼色也同赵贵翁一样，脸色也铁青。我想我同小孩子有什么仇，他也这样。忍不住大声说，“你告诉我！”他们可就跑了。

　　我想：我同赵贵翁有什么仇，同路上的人又有什么仇；只有廿年以前，把古久先生的陈年流水簿子⑶，踹了一脚，古久先生很不高兴。赵贵翁虽然不认识他，一定也听到风声，代抱不平；约定路上的人，同我作冤对。但是小孩子呢？那时候，他们还没有出世，何以今天也睁着怪眼睛，似乎怕我，似乎想害我。这真教我怕，教我纳罕而且伤心。

　　我明白了。这是他们娘老子教的！

三

　　晚上总是睡不着。凡事须得研究，才会明白。

　　他们——也有给知县打枷过的，也有给绅士掌过嘴的，也有衙役占了他妻子的，也有老子娘被债主逼死的；他们那时候的脸色，全没有昨天这么怕，也没有这么凶。

　　最奇怪的是昨天街上的那个女人，打他儿子，嘴里说道，“老子呀！我要咬你几口才出气！”他眼睛却看着我。我出了一惊，遮掩不住；那青面獠牙的一伙人，便都哄笑起来。陈老五赶上前，硬把我拖回家中了。

　　拖我回家，家里的人都装作不认识我；他们的脸色，也全同别人一样。进了书房，便反扣上门，宛然是关了一只鸡鸭。这一件事，越教我猜不出底细。

　　前几天，狼子村的佃户来告荒，对我大哥说，他们村里的一个大恶人，给大家打死了；几个人便挖出他的心肝来，用油煎炒了吃，可以壮壮胆子。我插了一句嘴，佃户和大哥便都看我几眼。今天才晓得他们的眼光，全同外面的那伙人一模一样。

　　想起来，我从顶上直冷到脚跟。

　　他们会吃人，就未必不会吃我。

　　你看那女人“咬你几口”的话，和一伙青面獠牙人的笑，和前天佃户的话，明明是暗号。我看出他话中全是毒，笑中全是刀。他们的牙齿，全是白厉厉的排着，这就是吃人的家伙。

　　照我自己想，虽然不是恶人，自从踹了古家的簿子，可就难说了。他们似乎别有心思，我全猜不出。况且他们一翻脸，便说人是恶人。我还记得大哥教我做论，无论怎样好人，翻他几句，他便打上几个圈；原谅坏人几句，他便说“翻天妙手，与众不同”。我那里猜得到他们的心思，究竟怎样；况且是要吃的时候。

　　凡事总须研究，才会明白。古来时常吃人，我也还记得，可是不甚清楚。我翻开历史一查，这历史没有年代，歪歪斜斜的每叶上都写着“仁义道德”几个字。我横竖睡不着，仔细看了半夜，才从字缝里看出字来，满本都写着两个字是“吃人”！

　　书上写着这许多字，佃户说了这许多话，却都笑吟吟的睁着怪眼看我。

　　我也是人，他们想要吃我了！

四

　　早上，我静坐了一会儿。陈老五送进饭来，一碗菜，一碗蒸鱼；这鱼的眼睛，白而且硬，张着嘴，同那一伙想吃人的人一样。吃了几筷，滑溜溜的不知是鱼是人，便把他兜肚连肠的吐出。

　　我说“老五，对大哥说，我闷得慌，想到园里走走。”老五不答应，走了；停一会，可就来开了门。

　　我也不动，研究他们如何摆布我；知道他们一定不肯放松。果然！我大哥引了一个老头子，慢慢走来；他满眼凶光，怕我看出，只是低头向着地，从眼镜横边暗暗看我。大哥说，“今天你仿佛很好。”我说“是的。”大哥说，“今天请何先生来，给你诊一诊。”我说“可以！”其实我岂不知道这老头子是刽子手扮的！无非借了看脉这名目，揣一揣肥瘠：因这功劳，也分一片肉吃。我也不怕；虽然不吃人，胆子却比他们还壮。伸出两个拳头，看他如何下手。老头子坐着，闭了眼睛，摸了好一会，呆了好一会；便张开他鬼眼睛说，“不要乱想。静静的养几天，就好了。”

　　不要乱想，静静的养！养肥了，他们是自然可以多吃；我有什么好处，怎么会“好了”？他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直截下手，真要令我笑死。我忍不住，便放声大笑起来，十分快活。自己晓得这笑声里面，有的是义勇和正气。老头子和大哥，都失了色，被我这勇气正气镇压住了。

　　但是我有勇气，他们便越想吃我，沾光一点这勇气。老头子跨出门，走不多远，便低声对大哥说道，“赶紧吃罢！”大哥点点头。原来也有你！这一件大发见，虽似意外，也在意中：合伙吃我的人，便是我的哥哥！

　　吃人的是我哥哥！

　　我是吃人的人的兄弟！

　　我自己被人吃了，可仍然是吃人的人的兄弟！

五

　　这几天是退一步想：假使那老头子不是刽子手扮的，真是医生，也仍然是吃人的人。他们的祖师李时珍做的“本草什么”⑷上，明明写着人肉可以煎吃；他还能说自己不吃人么？

　　至于我家大哥，也毫不冤枉他。他对我讲书的时候，亲口说过可以“易子而食”⑸；又一回偶然议论起一个不好的人，他便说不但该杀，还当“食肉寝皮”⑹。我那时年纪还小，心跳了好半天。前天狼子村佃户来说吃心肝的事，他也毫不奇怪，不住的点头。可见心思是同从前一样狠。既然可以“易子而食”，便什么都易得，什么人都吃得。我从前单听他讲道理，也胡涂过去；现在晓得他讲道理的时候，不但唇边还抹着人油，而且心里满装着吃人的意思。

六

　　黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。赵家的狗又叫起来了。

　　狮子似的凶心，兔子的怯弱，狐狸的狡猾，……

七

　　我晓得他们的方法，直捷杀了，是不肯的，而且也不敢，怕有祸祟。所以他们大家连络，布满了罗网，逼我自戕。试看前几天街上男女的样子，和这几天我大哥的作为，便足可悟出八九分了。最好是解下腰带，挂在梁上，自己紧紧勒死；他们没有杀人的罪名，又偿了心愿，自然都欢天喜地的发出一种呜呜咽咽的笑声。否则惊吓忧愁死了，虽则略瘦，也还可以首肯几下。

　　他们是只会吃死肉的！——记得什么书上说，有一种东西，叫“海乙那”⑺的，眼光和样子都很难看；时常吃死肉，连极大的骨头，都细细嚼烂，咽下肚子去，想起来也教人害怕。“海乙那”是狼的亲眷，狼是狗的本家。前天赵家的狗，看我几眼，可见他也同谋，早已接洽。老头子眼看着地，岂能瞒得我过。

　　最可怜的是我的大哥，他也是人，何以毫不害怕；而且合伙吃我呢？还是历来惯了，不以为非呢？还是丧了良心，明知故犯呢？

　　我诅咒吃人的人，先从他起头；要劝转吃人的人，也先从他下手。

八

　　其实这种道理，到了现在，他们也该早已懂得，……

　　忽然来了一个人；年纪不过二十左右，相貌是不很看得清楚，满面笑容，对了我点头，他的笑也不像真笑。我便问他，“吃人的事，对么？”他仍然笑着说，“不是荒年，怎么会吃人。”我立刻就晓得，他也是一伙，喜欢吃人的；便自勇气百倍，偏要问他。

　　“对么？”

　　“这等事问他什么。你真会……说笑话。……今天天气很好。”

　　天气是好，月色也很亮了。可是我要问你，“对么？”

　　他不以为然了。含含胡胡的答道，“不……”

　　“不对？他们何以竟吃？！”

　　“没有的事……”

　　“没有的事？狼子村现吃；还有书上都写着，通红斩新！”

　　他便变了脸，铁一般青。睁着眼说，“有许有的，这是从来如此……”

　　“从来如此，便对么？”

　　“我不同你讲这些道理；总之你不该说，你说便是你错！”

　　我直跳起来，张开眼，这人便不见了。全身出了一大片汗。他的年纪，比我大哥小得远，居然也是一伙；这一定是他娘老子先教的。还怕已经教给他儿子了；所以连小孩子，也都恶狠狠的看我。

九

　　自己想吃人，又怕被别人吃了，都用着疑心极深的眼光，面面相觑。……

　　去了这心思，放心做事走路吃饭睡觉，何等舒服。这只是一条门槛，一个关头。他们可是父子兄弟夫妇朋友师生仇敌和各不相识的人，都结成一伙，互相劝勉，互相牵掣，死也不肯跨过这一步。

十

　　大清早，去寻我大哥；他立在堂门外看天，我便走到他背后，拦住门，格外沉静，格外和气的对他说，

　　“大哥，我有话告诉你。”

　　“你说就是，”他赶紧回过脸来，点点头。

　　“我只有几句话，可是说不出来。大哥，大约当初野蛮的人，都吃过一点人。后来因为心思不同，有的不吃人了，一味要好，便变了人，变了真的人。有的却还吃，——也同虫子一样，有的变了鱼鸟猴子，一直变到人。有的不要好，至今还是虫子。这吃人的人比不吃人的人，何等惭愧。怕比虫子的惭愧猴子，还差得很远很远。

　　“易牙⑻蒸了他儿子，给桀纣吃，还是一直从前的事。谁晓得从盘古开辟天地以后，一直吃到易牙的儿子；从易牙的儿子，一直吃到徐锡林⑼；从徐锡林，又一直吃到狼子村捉住的人。去年城里杀了犯人，还有一个生痨病的人，用馒头蘸血舐。

　　“他们要吃我，你一个人，原也无法可想；然而又何必去入伙。吃人的人，什么事做不出；他们会吃我，也会吃你，一伙里面，也会自吃。但只要转一步，只要立刻改了，也就是人人太平。虽然从来如此，我们今天也可以格外要好，说是不能！大哥，我相信你能说，前天佃户要减租，你说过不能。”

　　当初，他还只是冷笑，随后眼光便凶狠起来，一到说破他们的隐情，那就满脸都变成青色了。大门外立着一伙人，赵贵翁和他的狗，也在里面，都探头探脑的挨进来。有的是看不出面貌，似乎用布蒙着；有的是仍旧青面獠牙，抿着嘴笑。我认识他们是一伙，都是吃人的人。可是也晓得他们心思很不一样，一种是以为从来如此，应该吃的；一种是知道不该吃，可是仍然要吃，又怕别人说破他，所以听了我的话，越发气愤不过，可是抿着嘴冷笑。

　　这时候，大哥也忽然显出凶相，高声喝道，

　　“都出去！疯子有什么好看！”

　　这时候，我又懂得一件他们的巧妙了。他们岂但不肯改，而且早已布置；预备下一个疯子的名目罩上我。将来吃了，不但太平无事，怕还会有人见情。佃户说的大家吃了一个恶人，正是这方法。这是他们的老谱！

　　陈老五也气愤愤的直走进来。如何按得住我的口，我偏要对这伙人说，

　　“你们可以改了，从真心改起！要晓得将来容不得吃人的人，活在世上。

　　“你们要不改，自己也会吃尽。即使生得多，也会给真的人除灭了，同猎人打完狼子一样！——同虫子一样！”

　　那一伙人，都被陈老五赶走了。大哥也不知那里去了。陈老五劝我回屋子里去。屋里面全是黑沉沉的。横梁和椽子都在头上发抖；抖了一会，就大起来，堆在我身上。

　　万分沉重，动弹不得；他的意思是要我死。我晓得他的沉重是假的，便挣扎出来，出了一身汗。可是偏要说，

　　“你们立刻改了，从真心改起！你们要晓得将来是容不得吃人的人，……”

十一

　　太阳也不出，门也不开，日日是两顿饭。

　　我捏起筷子，便想起我大哥；晓得妹子死掉的缘故，也全在他。那时我妹子才五岁，可爱可怜的样子，还在眼前。母亲哭个不住，他却劝母亲不要哭；大约因为自己吃了，哭起来不免有点过意不去。如果还能过意不去，……

　　妹子是被大哥吃了，母亲知道没有，我可不得而知。

　　母亲想也知道；不过哭的时候，却并没有说明，大约也以为应当的了。记得我四五岁时，坐在堂前乘凉，大哥说爷娘生病，做儿子的须割下一片肉来，煮熟了请他吃，⑽才算好人；母亲也没有说不行。一片吃得，整个的自然也吃得。但是那天的哭法，现在想起来，实在还教人伤心，这真是奇极的事！

十二

　　不能想了。

　　四千年来时时吃人的地方，今天才明白，我也在其中混了多年；大哥正管着家务，妹子恰恰死了，他未必不和在饭菜里，暗暗给我们吃。

　　我未必无意之中，不吃了我妹子的几片肉，现在也轮到我自己，……

　　有了四千年吃人履历的我，当初虽然不知道，现在明白，难见真的人！

十三

　　没有吃过人的孩子，或者还有？

　　救救孩子……

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　一九一八年四月。

　　注释

　　⑴本篇最初发表于一九一八年五月《新青年》第四卷第五号。作者首次采用了“鲁迅”这一笔名。它是我国现代文学史上第一篇猛烈抨击“吃人”的封建礼教的小说。作者除在本书（《呐喊》）《自序》中提及它产生的缘由外，又在《〈中国新文学大系〉小说二集序》中指出它“意在暴露家族制度和礼教的弊害”，可以参看。

　　⑵候补：清代官制，通过科举或捐纳等途径取得官衔，但还没有实际职务的中下级官员，由吏部抽签分发到某部或某省，听候委用，称为候补。

　　⑶古久先生的陈年流水簿子：这里比喻我国封建主义统治的长久历史。

　　⑷“本草什么”：指《本草纲目》，明代医学家李时珍（1518—1593）的药物学著作，共五十二卷。该书曾经提到唐代陈藏器《本草拾遗》中以人肉医治痨的记载，并表示了异议。这里说李时珍的书“明明写着人肉可以煎吃”，当是“狂人”的“记中语误”。

　　⑸“易子而食”：语见《左传》宣公十五年，是宋将华元对楚将子反叙说宋国都城被楚军围困时的惨状：“敝邑易子而食，析骸而爨。”

　　⑹“食肉寝皮”：语出《左传》襄公二十一年，晋国州绰对齐庄公说：“然二子者，譬于禽兽，臣食其肉而寝处其皮矣。”（按：“二子”指齐国的殖绰和郭最，他们曾被州绰俘虏过。）

　　⑺“海乙那”：英语hyena的音译，即鬣狗（又名土狼），一种食肉兽，常跟在狮虎等猛兽之后，以它们吃剩的兽类的残尸为食。

　　⑻易牙：春秋时齐国人，善于调味。据《管子•小称》：“夫易牙以调和事公（按：指齐桓公），公曰‘惟蒸婴儿之未尝’，于是蒸其首子而献之公。”桀、纣各为我国夏朝和商朝的最后一代君主，易牙和他们不是同时代人。这里说的“易牙蒸了他儿子，给桀纣吃”，也是“狂人”“语颇错杂无伦次”的表现。

　　⑼徐锡林：隐指徐锡麟（1873—1907），字伯荪，浙江绍兴人，清末革命团体光复会的重要成员。一九○七年与秋瑾准备在浙、皖两省同时起义。七月六日，他以安徽巡警处会办兼巡警学堂监督身份为掩护，乘学堂举行毕业典礼之机刺死安徽巡抚恩铭，率领学生攻占军械局，弹尽被捕，当日惨遭杀害，心肝被恩铭的卫队挖出炒食。⑽指“割股疗亲”，即割取自己的股肉煎药，以医治父母的重病。这是封建社会的一种愚孝行为。《宋史•选举志一》：“上以孝取人，则勇者割股，怯者庐墓。”

译文：

一鸣选自《鲁迅小说选》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译，外文出版社，2003年，114页。

A MADMAN'S DIARY

Two brothers, whose names I need not mention here, were both good friends of mine in high school; but after a separation of many years we gradually lost touch. Some time ago I happened to hear that one of them was seriously ill, and since I was going back to my old home I broke my journey to call on them, I saw only one, however, who told me that the invalid was his younger brother.

"I appreciate your coming such a long way to see us," he said, "but my brother recovered some time ago and has gone elsewhere to take up an official post." Then, laughing, he produced two volumes of his brother's diary, saying that from these the nature of his past illness could be seen, and that there was no harm in showing them to an old friend. I took the diary away, read it through, and found that he had suffered from a form of persecution complex. The writing was most confused and incoherent, and he had made many wild statements; moreover he had omitted to give any dates, so that only by the colour of the ink and the differences in the writing could one tell that it was not written at one time. Certain sections, however, were not altogether disconnected, and I have copied out a part to serve as a subject for medical research. I have not altered a single illogicality in the diary and have changed only the names, even though the people referred to are all country folk, unknown to the world and of no consequence. As for the title, it was chosen by the diarist himself after his recovery, and I did not change it.

I

Tonight the moon is very bright.

I have not seen it for over thirty years, so today when I saw it I felt in unusually high spirits. I begin to realize that during the past thirty-odd years I have been in the dark; but now I must be extremely careful. Otherwise why should that dog at the Chao house have looked at me twice?

I have reason for my fear.

II

Tonight there is no moon at all, I know that this bodes ill. This morning when I went out cautiously, Mr. Chao had a strange look in his eyes, as if he were afraid of me, as if he wanted to murder me. There were seven or eight others, who discussed me in a whisper. And they were afraid of my seeing them. All the people I passed were like that. The fiercest among them grinned at me; whereupon I shivered from head to foot, knowing that their preparations were complete.

I was not afraid, however, but continued on my way. A group of children in front were also discussing me, and the look in their eyes was just like that in Mr. Chao's while their faces too were ghastly pale. I wondered what grudge these children could have against me to make them behave like this. I could not help calling out: "Tell me!" But then they ran away.

I wonder what grudge Mr. Chao can have against me, what grudge the people on the road can have against me. I can think of nothing except that twenty years ago I trod on Mr. Ku Chiu's account sheets for many years past, and Mr. Ku was very displeased. Although Mr. Chao does not know him, he must have heard talk of this and decided to avenge him, so he is conspiring against me with the people on the road, But then what of the children? At that time they were not yet born, so why should they eye me so strangely today, as if they were afraid of me, as if they wanted to murder me? This really frightens me, it is so bewildering and upsetting.

I know. They must have learned this from their parents!

______

[Note: Ku Chiu]: Ku Chiu means "Ancient Times." Lu Hsun had in mind the long history of feudal oppression in China.

III

I can't sleep at night. Everything requires careful consideration if one is to understand it.

Those people, some of whom have been pilloried by the magistrate, slapped in the face by the local gentry, had their wives taken away by bailiffs, or their parents driven to suicide by creditors, never looked as frightened and as fierce then as they did yesterday.

The most extraordinary thing was that woman on the street yesterday who spanked her son and said, "Little devil! I'd like to bite several mouthfuls out of you to work off my feelings!" Yet all the time she looked at me. I gave a start, unable to control myself; then all those green-faced, long-toothed people began to laugh derisively. Old Chen hurried forward and dragged me home.

He dragged me home. The folk at home all pretended not to know me; they had the same look in their eyes as all the others. When I went into the study, they locked the door outside as if cooping up a chicken or a duck. This incident left me even more bewildered.

A few days ago a tenant of ours from Wolf Cub Village came to report the failure of the crops, and told my elder brother that a notorious character in their village had been beaten to death; then some people had taken out his heart and liver, fried them in oil and eaten them, as a means of increasing their courage. When I interrupted, the tenant and my brother both stared at me. Only today have I realized that they had exactly the same look in their eyes as those people outside.

Just to think of it sets me shivering from the crown of my head to the soles of my feet.

They eat human beings, so they may eat me.

I see that woman's "bite several mouthfuls out of you," the laughter of those green-faced, long-toothed people and the tenant's story the other day are obviously secret signs. I realize all the poison in their speech, all the daggers in their laughter. Their teeth are white and glistening: they are all man-eaters.

It seems to me, although I am not a bad man, ever since I trod on Mr. Ku's accounts it has been touch-and-go. They seem to have secrets which I cannot guess, and once they are angry they will call anyone a bad character. I remember when my elder brother taught me to write compositions, no matter how good a man was, if I produced arguments to the contrary he would mark that passage to show his approval; while if I excused evil-doers, he would say: "Good for you, that shows originality." How can I possibly guess their secret thoughts—especially when they are ready to eat people?

Everything requires careful consideration if one is to understand it. In ancient times, as I recollect, people often ate human beings, but I am rather hazy about it. I tried to look this up, but my history has no chronology, and scrawled all over each page are the words: "Virtue and Morality." Since I could not sleep anyway, I read intently half the night, until I began to see words between the lines, the whole book being filled with the two words—"Eat people."

All these words written in the book, all the words spoken by our tenant, gaze at me strangely with an enigmatic smile.

I too am a man, and they want to eat me!

IV

In the morning I sat quietly for some time. Old Chen brought lunch in: one bowl of vegetables, one bowl of steamed fish. The eyes of the fish were white and hard, and its mouth was open just like those people who want to eat human beings. After a few mouthfuls I could not tell whether the slippery morsels were fish or human flesh, so I brought it all up.

I said, "Old Chen, tell my brother that I feel quite suffocated, and want to have a stroll in the garden." Old Chen said nothing but went out, and presently he came back and opened the gate.

I did not move, but watched to see how they would treat me, feeling certain that they would not let me go. Sure enough! My elder brother came slowly out, leading an old man. There was a murderous gleam in his eyes, and fearing that I would see it he lowered his head, stealing glances at me from the side of his spectacles.

"You seem to be very well today," said my brother.

"Yes," said I.

"I have invited Mr. Ho here today," said my brother, "to examine you."

"All right," said I. Actually I knew quite well that this old man was the executioner in disguise! He simply used the pretext of feeling my pulse to see how fat I was; for by so doing he would receive a share of my flesh. Still I was not afraid. Although I do not eat men, my courage is greater than theirs. I held out my two fists, to see what he would do. The old man sat down, closed his eyes, fumbled for some time and remained still for some time; then he opened his shifty eyes and said, "Don't let your imagination run away with you. Rest quietly for a few days, and you will be all right."

Don't let your imagination run away with you! Rest quietly for a few days! When I have grown fat, naturally they will have more to eat; but what good will it do me, or how can it be "all right"? All these people wanting to eat human flesh and at the same time stealthily trying to keep up appearances, not daring to act promptly, really made me nearly die of laughter. I could not help roaring with laughter, I was so amused. I knew that in this laughter were courage and integrity. Both the old man and my brother turned pale, awed by my courage and integrity.

But just because I am brave they are the more eager to eat me, in order to acquire some of my courage. The old man went out of the gate, but before he had gone far he said to my brother in a low voice, "To be eaten at once!" And my brother nodded. So you are in it too! This stupendous discovery, although it came as a shock, is yet no more than I had expected: the accomplice in eating me is my elder brother!

The eater of human flesh is my elder brother!

I am the younger brother of an eater of human flesh!

I myself will be eaten by others, but none the less I am the younger brother of an eater of human flesh!

V

These few days I have been thinking again: suppose that old man were not an executioner in disguise, but a real doctor; he would be none the less an eater of human flesh. In that book on herbs, written by his predecessor Li Shih-chen, it is clearly stated that men's flesh can he boiled and eaten; so can he still say that he does not eat men?

As for my elder brother, I have also good reason to suspect him. When he was teaching me, he said with his own lips, "People exchange their sons to eat." And once in discussing a bad man, he said that not only did he deserve to be killed, he should "have his flesh eaten and his hide slept on. . . . I was still young then, and my heart beat faster for some time, he was not at all surprised by the story that our tenant from Wolf Cub Village told us the other day about eating a man's heart and liver, but kept nodding his head. He is evidently just as cruel as before. Since it is possible to "exchange sons to eat," then anything can be exchanged, anyone can be eaten. In the past I simply listened to his explanations, and let it go at that; now I know that when he explained it to me, not only was there human fat at the corner of his lips, but his whole heart was set on eating men.

______

[Note: Li Shih-chen] A famous pharmacologist (1518-1593), author of Ben-cao-gang-mu, the Materia Medica.

[Note: lips] These are quotations from the old classic Zuo Zhuan.

VI

Pitch dark. I don't know whether it is day or night. The Chao family dog has started barking again.

The fierceness of a lion, the timidity of a rabbit, the craftiness of a fox. . . .

VII

I know their way; they are not willing to kill anyone outright, nor do they dare, for fear of the consequences. Instead they have banded together and set traps everywhere, to force me to kill myself. The behaviour of the men and women in the street a few days ago, and my elder brother's attitude these last few days, make it quite obvious. What they like best is for a man to take off his belt, and hang himself from a beam; for then they can enjoy their heart's desire without being blamed for murder. Naturally that sets them roaring with delighted laughter. On the other hand, if a man is frightened or worried to death, although that makes him rather thin, they still nod in approval.

They only eat dead flesh! I remember reading somewhere of a hideous beast, with an ugly look in its eye, called "hyena" which often eats dead flesh. Even the largest bones it grinds into fragments and swallows: the mere thought of this is enough to terrify one. Hyenas are related to wolves, and wolves belong to the canine species. The other day the dog in the Chao house looked at me several times; obviously it is in the plot too and has become their accomplice. The old man's eyes were cast down, but that did not deceive me!

The most deplorable is my elder brother. He is also a man, so why is he not afraid, why is he plotting with others to eat me? Is it that when one is used to it he no longer thinks it a crime? Or is it that he has hardened his heart to do something he knows is wrong?

In cursing man-eaters, I shall start with my brother, and in dissuading man-eaters, I shall start with him too.

VIII

Actually, such arguments should have convinced them long ago. . . .

Suddenly someone came in. He was only about twenty years old and I did not see his features very clearly. His face was wreathed in smiles, but when he nodded to me his smile did not seem genuine. I asked him "Is it right to eat human beings?"

Still smiling, he replied, "When there is no famine how can one eat human beings?"

I realized at once, he was one of them; but still I summoned up courage to repeat my question:

"Is it right?"

"What makes you ask such a thing? You really are . . fond of a joke. . . . It is very fine today."

"It is fine, and the moon is very bright. But I want to ask you: Is it right?"

He looked disconcerted, and muttered: "No...."

"No? Then why do they still do it?"

"What are you talking about?"

"What am I talking about? They are eating men now in Wolf Cub Village, and you can see it written all over the books, in fresh red ink."

His expression changed, and he grew ghastly pale. "It may be so," he said, staring at me. "It has always been like that. . . ."

"Is it right because it has always been like that?"

"I refuse to discuss these things with you. Anyway, you shouldn't talk about it. Whoever talks about it is in the wrong!"

I leaped up and opened my eyes wide, but the man had vanished. I was soaked with perspiration. He was much younger than my elder brother, but even so he was in it. He must have been taught by his parents. And I am afraid he has already taught his son: that is why even the children look at me so fiercely.

IX

Wanting to eat men, at the same time afraid of being eaten themselves, they all look at each other with the deepest suspicion. . . .

How comfortable life would be for them if they could rid themselves of such obsessions and go to work, walk, eat and sleep at ease. They have only this one step to take. Yet fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers, friends, teachers and students, sworn enemies and even strangers, have all joined in this conspiracy, discouraging and preventing each other from taking this step.

X

Early this morning I went to look for my elder brother. He was standing outside the hall door looking at the sky, when I walked up behind him, stood between him and the door, and with exceptional poise and politeness said to him:

"Brother, I have something to say to you."

"Well, what is it?" he asked, quickly turning towards me and nodding.

"It is very little, but I find it difficult to say. Brother, probably all primitive people ate a little human flesh to begin with. Later, because their outlook changed, some of them stopped, and because they tried to be good they changed into men, changed into real men. But some are still eating—just like reptiles. Some have changed into fish, birds, monkeys and finally men; but some do not try to be good and remain reptiles still. When those who eat men compare themselves with those who do not, how ashamed they must be. Probably much more ashamed than the reptiles are before monkeys.

"In ancient times Yi Ya boiled his son for Chieh and Chou to eat; that is the old story. But actually since the creation of heaven and earth by Pan Ku men have been eating each other, from the time of Yi Ya's son to the time of Hsu Hsi-lin, and from the time of Hsu Hsi-lin down to the man caught in Wolf Cub Village. Last year they executed a criminal in the city, and a consumptive soaked a piece of bread in his blood and sucked it.

"They want to eat me, and of course you can do nothing about it single-handed; but why should you join them? As man-eaters they are capable of anything. If they eat me, they can eat you as well; members of the same group can still eat each other. But if you will just change your ways immediately, then everyone will have peace. Although this has been going on since time immemorial, today we could make a special effort to be good, and say this is not to be done! I'm sure you can say so, brother. The other day when the tenant wanted the rent reduced, you said it couldn't be done."

At first he only smiled cynically, then a murderous gleam came into his eyes, and when I spoke of their secret his face turned pale. Outside the gate stood a group of people, including Mr. Chao and his dog, all craning their necks to peer in. I could not see all their faces, for they seemed to be masked in cloths; some of them looked pale and ghastly still, concealing their laughter. I knew they were one band, all eaters of human flesh. But I also knew that they did not all think alike by any means. Some of them thought that since it had always been so, men should be eaten. Some of them knew that they should not eat men, but still wanted to; and they were afraid people might discover their secret; thus when they heard me they became angry, but they still smiled their. cynical, tight-lipped smile.

Suddenly my brother looked furious, and shouted in a loud voice:

"Get out of here, all of you! What is the point of looking at a madman?"

Then I realized part of their cunning. They would never be willing to change their stand, and their plans were all laid; they had stigmatized me as a madman. In future when I was eaten, not only would there be no trouble, but people would probably be grateful to them. When our tenant spoke of the villagers eating a bad character, it was exactly the same device. This is their old trick.

Old Chen came in too, in a great temper, but they could not stop my mouth, I had to speak to those people:

"You should change, change from the bottom of your hearts!" I said. "You most know that in future there will be no place for man-eaters in the world.

"If you don't change, you may all be eaten by each other. Although so many are born, they will be wiped out by the real men, just like wolves killed by hunters. Just like reptiles!"

Old Chen drove everybody away. My brother had disappeared. Old Chen advised me to go back to my room. The room was pitch dark. The beams and rafters shook above my head. After shaking for some time they grew larger. They piled on top of me.

The weight was so great, I could not move. They meant that I should die. I knew that the weight was false, so I struggled out, covered in perspiration. But I had to say:

"You should change at once, change from the bottom of your hearts! You must know that in future there will be no place for man-eaters in the world . . . ."

______

[Note: Yi Ya] According to ancient records, Yi Ya cooked his son and presented him to Duke Huan of Chi who reigned from 685 to 643 B.C. Chieh and Chou were tyrants of an earlier age. The madman has made a mistake here.

[Note: Hsu Hsi-lin] A revolutionary at the end of the Ching dynasty (1644-1911), Hsu Hsi-lin was executed in 1907 for assassinating a Ching official. His heart and liver were eaten.

XI

The sun does not shine, the door is not opened, every day two meals.

I took up my chopsticks, then thought of my elder brother; I know now how my little sister died: it was all through him. My sister was only five at the time. I can still remember how lovable and pathetic she looked. Mother cried and cried, but he begged her not to cry, probably because he had eaten her himself, and so her crying made him feel ashamed. If he had any sense of shame. . . .

My sister was eaten by my brother, but I don't know whether mother realized it or not.

I think mother must have known, but when she cried she did not say so outright, probably because she thought it proper too. I remember when I was four or five years old, sitting in the cool of the hall, my brother told me that if a man's parents were ill, he should cut off a piece of his flesh and boil it for them if he wanted to be considered a good son; and mother did not contradict him. If one piece could be eaten, obviously so could the whole. And yet just to think of the mourning then still makes my heart bleed; that is the extraordinary thing about it!

XII

I can't bear to think of it.

I have only just realized that I have been living all these years in a place where for four thousand years they have been eating human flesh. My brother had just taken over the charge of the house when our sister died, and he may well have used her flesh in our rice and dishes, making us eat it unwittingly.

It is possible that I ate several pieces of my sister's flesh unwittingly, and now it is my turn, . . .

How can a man like myself, after four thousand years of man-caring history—even though I knew nothing about it at first—ever hope to face real men?

XIII

Perhaps there are still children who have not eaten men? Save the children. . . .

 April 1918

鲁迅《狂人日记》杨宪益、戴乃迭英译本赏析—论文选题四

狂人日记

鲁迅

某君昆仲，今隐其名，皆余昔日在中学时良友；分隔多年，消息渐阙。日前偶闻其一大病；适归故乡，迂道往访，则仅晤一人，言病者其弟也。劳君远道来视，然已早愈，赴某地候补⑵矣。因大笑，出示日记二册，谓可见当日病状，不妨献诸旧友。持归阅一过，知所患盖“迫害狂”之类。语颇错杂无伦次，又多荒唐之言；亦不著月日，惟墨色字体不一，知非一时所书。间亦有略具联络者，今撮录一篇，以供医家研究。记中语误，一字不易；惟人名虽皆村人，不为世间所知，无关大体，然亦悉易去。至于书名，则本人愈后所题，不复改也。七年四月二日识。

一

　　今天晚上，很好的月光。

　　我不见他，已是三十多年；今天见了，精神分外爽快。才知道以前的三十多年，全是发昏；然而须十分小心。不然，那赵家的狗，何以看我两眼呢？

　　我怕得有理。

二

　　今天全没月光，我知道不妙。早上小心出门，赵贵翁的眼色便怪：似乎怕我，似乎想害我。还有七八个人，交头接耳的议论我，张着嘴，对我笑了一笑；我便从头直冷到脚根，晓得他们布置，都已妥当了。

　　我可不怕，仍旧走我的路。前面一伙小孩子，也在那里议论我；眼色也同赵贵翁一样，脸色也铁青。我想我同小孩子有什么仇，他也这样。忍不住大声说，“你告诉我！”他们可就跑了。

　　我想：我同赵贵翁有什么仇，同路上的人又有什么仇；只有廿年以前，把古久先生的陈年流水簿子⑶，踹了一脚，古久先生很不高兴。赵贵翁虽然不认识他，一定也听到风声，代抱不平；约定路上的人，同我作冤对。但是小孩子呢？那时候，他们还没有出世，何以今天也睁着怪眼睛，似乎怕我，似乎想害我。这真教我怕，教我纳罕而且伤心。

　　我明白了。这是他们娘老子教的！

三

　　晚上总是睡不着。凡事须得研究，才会明白。

　　他们——也有给知县打枷过的，也有给绅士掌过嘴的，也有衙役占了他妻子的，也有老子娘被债主逼死的；他们那时候的脸色，全没有昨天这么怕，也没有这么凶。

　　最奇怪的是昨天街上的那个女人，打他儿子，嘴里说道，“老子呀！我要咬你几口才出气！”他眼睛却看着我。我出了一惊，遮掩不住；那青面獠牙的一伙人，便都哄笑起来。陈老五赶上前，硬把我拖回家中了。

　　拖我回家，家里的人都装作不认识我；他们的脸色，也全同别人一样。进了书房，便反扣上门，宛然是关了一只鸡鸭。这一件事，越教我猜不出底细。

　　前几天，狼子村的佃户来告荒，对我大哥说，他们村里的一个大恶人，给大家打死了；几个人便挖出他的心肝来，用油煎炒了吃，可以壮壮胆子。我插了一句嘴，佃户和大哥便都看我几眼。今天才晓得他们的眼光，全同外面的那伙人一模一样。

　　想起来，我从顶上直冷到脚跟。

　　他们会吃人，就未必不会吃我。

　　你看那女人“咬你几口”的话，和一伙青面獠牙人的笑，和前天佃户的话，明明是暗号。我看出他话中全是毒，笑中全是刀。他们的牙齿，全是白厉厉的排着，这就是吃人的家伙。

　　照我自己想，虽然不是恶人，自从踹了古家的簿子，可就难说了。他们似乎别有心思，我全猜不出。况且他们一翻脸，便说人是恶人。我还记得大哥教我做论，无论怎样好人，翻他几句，他便打上几个圈；原谅坏人几句，他便说“翻天妙手，与众不同”。我那里猜得到他们的心思，究竟怎样；况且是要吃的时候。

　　凡事总须研究，才会明白。古来时常吃人，我也还记得，可是不甚清楚。我翻开历史一查，这历史没有年代，歪歪斜斜的每叶上都写着“仁义道德”几个字。我横竖睡不着，仔细看了半夜，才从字缝里看出字来，满本都写着两个字是“吃人”！

　　书上写着这许多字，佃户说了这许多话，却都笑吟吟的睁着怪眼看我。

　　我也是人，他们想要吃我了！

四

　　早上，我静坐了一会儿。陈老五送进饭来，一碗菜，一碗蒸鱼；这鱼的眼睛，白而且硬，张着嘴，同那一伙想吃人的人一样。吃了几筷，滑溜溜的不知是鱼是人，便把他兜肚连肠的吐出。

　　我说“老五，对大哥说，我闷得慌，想到园里走走。”老五不答应，走了；停一会，可就来开了门。

　　我也不动，研究他们如何摆布我；知道他们一定不肯放松。果然！我大哥引了一个老头子，慢慢走来；他满眼凶光，怕我看出，只是低头向着地，从眼镜横边暗暗看我。大哥说，“今天你仿佛很好。”我说“是的。”大哥说，“今天请何先生来，给你诊一诊。”我说“可以！”其实我岂不知道这老头子是刽子手扮的！无非借了看脉这名目，揣一揣肥瘠：因这功劳，也分一片肉吃。我也不怕；虽然不吃人，胆子却比他们还壮。伸出两个拳头，看他如何下手。老头子坐着，闭了眼睛，摸了好一会，呆了好一会；便张开他鬼眼睛说，“不要乱想。静静的养几天，就好了。”

　　不要乱想，静静的养！养肥了，他们是自然可以多吃；我有什么好处，怎么会“好了”？他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直截下手，真要令我笑死。我忍不住，便放声大笑起来，十分快活。自己晓得这笑声里面，有的是义勇和正气。老头子和大哥，都失了色，被我这勇气正气镇压住了。

　　但是我有勇气，他们便越想吃我，沾光一点这勇气。老头子跨出门，走不多远，便低声对大哥说道，“赶紧吃罢！”大哥点点头。原来也有你！这一件大发见，虽似意外，也在意中：合伙吃我的人，便是我的哥哥！

　　吃人的是我哥哥！

　　我是吃人的人的兄弟！

　　我自己被人吃了，可仍然是吃人的人的兄弟！

五

　　这几天是退一步想：假使那老头子不是刽子手扮的，真是医生，也仍然是吃人的人。他们的祖师李时珍做的“本草什么”⑷上，明明写着人肉可以煎吃；他还能说自己不吃人么？

　　至于我家大哥，也毫不冤枉他。他对我讲书的时候，亲口说过可以“易子而食”⑸；又一回偶然议论起一个不好的人，他便说不但该杀，还当“食肉寝皮”⑹。我那时年纪还小，心跳了好半天。前天狼子村佃户来说吃心肝的事，他也毫不奇怪，不住的点头。可见心思是同从前一样狠。既然可以“易子而食”，便什么都易得，什么人都吃得。我从前单听他讲道理，也胡涂过去；现在晓得他讲道理的时候，不但唇边还抹着人油，而且心里满装着吃人的意思。

六

　　黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。赵家的狗又叫起来了。

　　狮子似的凶心，兔子的怯弱，狐狸的狡猾，……

七

　　我晓得他们的方法，直捷杀了，是不肯的，而且也不敢，怕有祸祟。所以他们大家连络，布满了罗网，逼我自戕。试看前几天街上男女的样子，和这几天我大哥的作为，便足可悟出八九分了。最好是解下腰带，挂在梁上，自己紧紧勒死；他们没有杀人的罪名，又偿了心愿，自然都欢天喜地的发出一种呜呜咽咽的笑声。否则惊吓忧愁死了，虽则略瘦，也还可以首肯几下。

　　他们是只会吃死肉的！——记得什么书上说，有一种东西，叫“海乙那”⑺的，眼光和样子都很难看；时常吃死肉，连极大的骨头，都细细嚼烂，咽下肚子去，想起来也教人害怕。“海乙那”是狼的亲眷，狼是狗的本家。前天赵家的狗，看我几眼，可见他也同谋，早已接洽。老头子眼看着地，岂能瞒得我过。

　　最可怜的是我的大哥，他也是人，何以毫不害怕；而且合伙吃我呢？还是历来惯了，不以为非呢？还是丧了良心，明知故犯呢？

　　我诅咒吃人的人，先从他起头；要劝转吃人的人，也先从他下手。

八

　　其实这种道理，到了现在，他们也该早已懂得，……

　　忽然来了一个人；年纪不过二十左右，相貌是不很看得清楚，满面笑容，对了我点头，他的笑也不像真笑。我便问他，“吃人的事，对么？”他仍然笑着说，“不是荒年，怎么会吃人。”我立刻就晓得，他也是一伙，喜欢吃人的；便自勇气百倍，偏要问他。

　　“对么？”

　　“这等事问他什么。你真会……说笑话。……今天天气很好。”

　　天气是好，月色也很亮了。可是我要问你，“对么？”

　　他不以为然了。含含胡胡的答道，“不……”

　　“不对？他们何以竟吃？！”

　　“没有的事……”

　　“没有的事？狼子村现吃；还有书上都写着，通红斩新！”

　　他便变了脸，铁一般青。睁着眼说，“有许有的，这是从来如此……”

　　“从来如此，便对么？”

　　“我不同你讲这些道理；总之你不该说，你说便是你错！”

　　我直跳起来，张开眼，这人便不见了。全身出了一大片汗。他的年纪，比我大哥小得远，居然也是一伙；这一定是他娘老子先教的。还怕已经教给他儿子了；所以连小孩子，也都恶狠狠的看我。

九

　　自己想吃人，又怕被别人吃了，都用着疑心极深的眼光，面面相觑。……

　　去了这心思，放心做事走路吃饭睡觉，何等舒服。这只是一条门槛，一个关头。他们可是父子兄弟夫妇朋友师生仇敌和各不相识的人，都结成一伙，互相劝勉，互相牵掣，死也不肯跨过这一步。

十

　　大清早，去寻我大哥；他立在堂门外看天，我便走到他背后，拦住门，格外沉静，格外和气的对他说，

　　“大哥，我有话告诉你。”

　　“你说就是，”他赶紧回过脸来，点点头。

　　“我只有几句话，可是说不出来。大哥，大约当初野蛮的人，都吃过一点人。后来因为心思不同，有的不吃人了，一味要好，便变了人，变了真的人。有的却还吃，——也同虫子一样，有的变了鱼鸟猴子，一直变到人。有的不要好，至今还是虫子。这吃人的人比不吃人的人，何等惭愧。怕比虫子的惭愧猴子，还差得很远很远。

　　“易牙⑻蒸了他儿子，给桀纣吃，还是一直从前的事。谁晓得从盘古开辟天地以后，一直吃到易牙的儿子；从易牙的儿子，一直吃到徐锡林⑼；从徐锡林，又一直吃到狼子村捉住的人。去年城里杀了犯人，还有一个生痨病的人，用馒头蘸血舐。

　　“他们要吃我，你一个人，原也无法可想；然而又何必去入伙。吃人的人，什么事做不出；他们会吃我，也会吃你，一伙里面，也会自吃。但只要转一步，只要立刻改了，也就是人人太平。虽然从来如此，我们今天也可以格外要好，说是不能！大哥，我相信你能说，前天佃户要减租，你说过不能。”

　　当初，他还只是冷笑，随后眼光便凶狠起来，一到说破他们的隐情，那就满脸都变成青色了。大门外立着一伙人，赵贵翁和他的狗，也在里面，都探头探脑的挨进来。有的是看不出面貌，似乎用布蒙着；有的是仍旧青面獠牙，抿着嘴笑。我认识他们是一伙，都是吃人的人。可是也晓得他们心思很不一样，一种是以为从来如此，应该吃的；一种是知道不该吃，可是仍然要吃，又怕别人说破他，所以听了我的话，越发气愤不过，可是抿着嘴冷笑。

　　这时候，大哥也忽然显出凶相，高声喝道，

　　“都出去！疯子有什么好看！”

　　这时候，我又懂得一件他们的巧妙了。他们岂但不肯改，而且早已布置；预备下一个疯子的名目罩上我。将来吃了，不但太平无事，怕还会有人见情。佃户说的大家吃了一个恶人，正是这方法。这是他们的老谱！

　　陈老五也气愤愤的直走进来。如何按得住我的口，我偏要对这伙人说，

　　“你们可以改了，从真心改起！要晓得将来容不得吃人的人，活在世上。

　　“你们要不改，自己也会吃尽。即使生得多，也会给真的人除灭了，同猎人打完狼子一样！——同虫子一样！”

　　那一伙人，都被陈老五赶走了。大哥也不知那里去了。陈老五劝我回屋子里去。屋里面全是黑沉沉的。横梁和椽子都在头上发抖；抖了一会，就大起来，堆在我身上。

　　万分沉重，动弹不得；他的意思是要我死。我晓得他的沉重是假的，便挣扎出来，出了一身汗。可是偏要说，

　　“你们立刻改了，从真心改起！你们要晓得将来是容不得吃人的人，……”

十一

　　太阳也不出，门也不开，日日是两顿饭。

　　我捏起筷子，便想起我大哥；晓得妹子死掉的缘故，也全在他。那时我妹子才五岁，可爱可怜的样子，还在眼前。母亲哭个不住，他却劝母亲不要哭；大约因为自己吃了，哭起来不免有点过意不去。如果还能过意不去，……

　　妹子是被大哥吃了，母亲知道没有，我可不得而知。

　　母亲想也知道；不过哭的时候，却并没有说明，大约也以为应当的了。记得我四五岁时，坐在堂前乘凉，大哥说爷娘生病，做儿子的须割下一片肉来，煮熟了请他吃，⑽才算好人；母亲也没有说不行。一片吃得，整个的自然也吃得。但是那天的哭法，现在想起来，实在还教人伤心，这真是奇极的事！

十二

　　不能想了。

　　四千年来时时吃人的地方，今天才明白，我也在其中混了多年；大哥正管着家务，妹子恰恰死了，他未必不和在饭菜里，暗暗给我们吃。

　　我未必无意之中，不吃了我妹子的几片肉，现在也轮到我自己，……

　　有了四千年吃人履历的我，当初虽然不知道，现在明白，难见真的人！

十三

　　没有吃过人的孩子，或者还有？

　　救救孩子……

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　一九一八年四月。

　　注释

　　⑴本篇最初发表于一九一八年五月《新青年》第四卷第五号。作者首次采用了“鲁迅”这一笔名。它是我国现代文学史上第一篇猛烈抨击“吃人”的封建礼教的小说。作者除在本书（《呐喊》）《自序》中提及它产生的缘由外，又在《〈中国新文学大系〉小说二集序》中指出它“意在暴露家族制度和礼教的弊害”，可以参看。

　　⑵候补：清代官制，通过科举或捐纳等途径取得官衔，但还没有实际职务的中下级官员，由吏部抽签分发到某部或某省，听候委用，称为候补。

　　⑶古久先生的陈年流水簿子：这里比喻我国封建主义统治的长久历史。

　　⑷“本草什么”：指《本草纲目》，明代医学家李时珍（1518—1593）的药物学著作，共五十二卷。该书曾经提到唐代陈藏器《本草拾遗》中以人肉医治痨的记载，并表示了异议。这里说李时珍的书“明明写着人肉可以煎吃”，当是“狂人”的“记中语误”。

　　⑸“易子而食”：语见《左传》宣公十五年，是宋将华元对楚将子反叙说宋国都城被楚军围困时的惨状：“敝邑易子而食，析骸而爨。”

　　⑹“食肉寝皮”：语出《左传》襄公二十一年，晋国州绰对齐庄公说：“然二子者，譬于禽兽，臣食其肉而寝处其皮矣。”（按：“二子”指齐国的殖绰和郭最，他们曾被州绰俘虏过。）

　　⑺“海乙那”：英语hyena的音译，即鬣狗（又名土狼），一种食肉兽，常跟在狮虎等猛兽之后，以它们吃剩的兽类的残尸为食。

　　⑻易牙：春秋时齐国人，善于调味。据《管子•小称》：“夫易牙以调和事公（按：指齐桓公），公曰‘惟蒸婴儿之未尝’，于是蒸其首子而献之公。”桀、纣各为我国夏朝和商朝的最后一代君主，易牙和他们不是同时代人。这里说的“易牙蒸了他儿子，给桀纣吃”，也是“狂人”“语颇错杂无伦次”的表现。

　　⑼徐锡林：隐指徐锡麟（1873—1907），字伯荪，浙江绍兴人，清末革命团体光复会的重要成员。一九○七年与秋瑾准备在浙、皖两省同时起义。七月六日，他以安徽巡警处会办兼巡警学堂监督身份为掩护，乘学堂举行毕业典礼之机刺死安徽巡抚恩铭，率领学生攻占军械局，弹尽被捕，当日惨遭杀害，心肝被恩铭的卫队挖出炒食。⑽指“割股疗亲”，即割取自己的股肉煎药，以医治父母的重病。这是封建社会的一种愚孝行为。《宋史•选举志一》：“上以孝取人，则勇者割股，怯者庐墓。”

译文：

一鸣选自《鲁迅小说选》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译，外文出版社，2003年，114页。

A MADMAN'S DIARY

Two brothers, whose names I need not mention here, were both good friends of mine in high school; but after a separation of many years we gradually lost touch. Some time ago I happened to hear that one of them was seriously ill, and since I was going back to my old home I broke my journey to call on them, I saw only one, however, who told me that the invalid was his younger brother.

"I appreciate your coming such a long way to see us," he said, "but my brother recovered some time ago and has gone elsewhere to take up an official post." Then, laughing, he produced two volumes of his brother's diary, saying that from these the nature of his past illness could be seen, and that there was no harm in showing them to an old friend. I took the diary away, read it through, and found that he had suffered from a form of persecution complex. The writing was most confused and incoherent, and he had made many wild statements; moreover he had omitted to give any dates, so that only by the colour of the ink and the differences in the writing could one tell that it was not written at one time. Certain sections, however, were not altogether disconnected, and I have copied out a part to serve as a subject for medical research. I have not altered a single illogicality in the diary and have changed only the names, even though the people referred to are all country folk, unknown to the world and of no consequence. As for the title, it was chosen by the diarist himself after his recovery, and I did not change it.

I

Tonight the moon is very bright.

I have not seen it for over thirty years, so today when I saw it I felt in unusually high spirits. I begin to realize that during the past thirty-odd years I have been in the dark; but now I must be extremely careful. Otherwise why should that dog at the Chao house have looked at me twice?

I have reason for my fear.

II

Tonight there is no moon at all, I know that this bodes ill. This morning when I went out cautiously, Mr. Chao had a strange look in his eyes, as if he were afraid of me, as if he wanted to murder me. There were seven or eight others, who discussed me in a whisper. And they were afraid of my seeing them. All the people I passed were like that. The fiercest among them grinned at me; whereupon I shivered from head to foot, knowing that their preparations were complete.

I was not afraid, however, but continued on my way. A group of children in front were also discussing me, and the look in their eyes was just like that in Mr. Chao's while their faces too were ghastly pale. I wondered what grudge these children could have against me to make them behave like this. I could not help calling out: "Tell me!" But then they ran away.

I wonder what grudge Mr. Chao can have against me, what grudge the people on the road can have against me. I can think of nothing except that twenty years ago I trod on Mr. Ku Chiu's account sheets for many years past, and Mr. Ku was very displeased. Although Mr. Chao does not know him, he must have heard talk of this and decided to avenge him, so he is conspiring against me with the people on the road, But then what of the children? At that time they were not yet born, so why should they eye me so strangely today, as if they were afraid of me, as if they wanted to murder me? This really frightens me, it is so bewildering and upsetting.

I know. They must have learned this from their parents!

______

[Note: Ku Chiu]: Ku Chiu means "Ancient Times." Lu Hsun had in mind the long history of feudal oppression in China.

III

I can't sleep at night. Everything requires careful consideration if one is to understand it.

Those people, some of whom have been pilloried by the magistrate, slapped in the face by the local gentry, had their wives taken away by bailiffs, or their parents driven to suicide by creditors, never looked as frightened and as fierce then as they did yesterday.

The most extraordinary thing was that woman on the street yesterday who spanked her son and said, "Little devil! I'd like to bite several mouthfuls out of you to work off my feelings!" Yet all the time she looked at me. I gave a start, unable to control myself; then all those green-faced, long-toothed people began to laugh derisively. Old Chen hurried forward and dragged me home.

He dragged me home. The folk at home all pretended not to know me; they had the same look in their eyes as all the others. When I went into the study, they locked the door outside as if cooping up a chicken or a duck. This incident left me even more bewildered.

A few days ago a tenant of ours from Wolf Cub Village came to report the failure of the crops, and told my elder brother that a notorious character in their village had been beaten to death; then some people had taken out his heart and liver, fried them in oil and eaten them, as a means of increasing their courage. When I interrupted, the tenant and my brother both stared at me. Only today have I realized that they had exactly the same look in their eyes as those people outside.

Just to think of it sets me shivering from the crown of my head to the soles of my feet.

They eat human beings, so they may eat me.

I see that woman's "bite several mouthfuls out of you," the laughter of those green-faced, long-toothed people and the tenant's story the other day are obviously secret signs. I realize all the poison in their speech, all the daggers in their laughter. Their teeth are white and glistening: they are all man-eaters.

It seems to me, although I am not a bad man, ever since I trod on Mr. Ku's accounts it has been touch-and-go. They seem to have secrets which I cannot guess, and once they are angry they will call anyone a bad character. I remember when my elder brother taught me to write compositions, no matter how good a man was, if I produced arguments to the contrary he would mark that passage to show his approval; while if I excused evil-doers, he would say: "Good for you, that shows originality." How can I possibly guess their secret thoughts—especially when they are ready to eat people?

Everything requires careful consideration if one is to understand it. In ancient times, as I recollect, people often ate human beings, but I am rather hazy about it. I tried to look this up, but my history has no chronology, and scrawled all over each page are the words: "Virtue and Morality." Since I could not sleep anyway, I read intently half the night, until I began to see words between the lines, the whole book being filled with the two words—"Eat people."

All these words written in the book, all the words spoken by our tenant, gaze at me strangely with an enigmatic smile.

I too am a man, and they want to eat me!

IV

In the morning I sat quietly for some time. Old Chen brought lunch in: one bowl of vegetables, one bowl of steamed fish. The eyes of the fish were white and hard, and its mouth was open just like those people who want to eat human beings. After a few mouthfuls I could not tell whether the slippery morsels were fish or human flesh, so I brought it all up.

I said, "Old Chen, tell my brother that I feel quite suffocated, and want to have a stroll in the garden." Old Chen said nothing but went out, and presently he came back and opened the gate.

I did not move, but watched to see how they would treat me, feeling certain that they would not let me go. Sure enough! My elder brother came slowly out, leading an old man. There was a murderous gleam in his eyes, and fearing that I would see it he lowered his head, stealing glances at me from the side of his spectacles.

"You seem to be very well today," said my brother.

"Yes," said I.

"I have invited Mr. Ho here today," said my brother, "to examine you."

"All right," said I. Actually I knew quite well that this old man was the executioner in disguise! He simply used the pretext of feeling my pulse to see how fat I was; for by so doing he would receive a share of my flesh. Still I was not afraid. Although I do not eat men, my courage is greater than theirs. I held out my two fists, to see what he would do. The old man sat down, closed his eyes, fumbled for some time and remained still for some time; then he opened his shifty eyes and said, "Don't let your imagination run away with you. Rest quietly for a few days, and you will be all right."

Don't let your imagination run away with you! Rest quietly for a few days! When I have grown fat, naturally they will have more to eat; but what good will it do me, or how can it be "all right"? All these people wanting to eat human flesh and at the same time stealthily trying to keep up appearances, not daring to act promptly, really made me nearly die of laughter. I could not help roaring with laughter, I was so amused. I knew that in this laughter were courage and integrity. Both the old man and my brother turned pale, awed by my courage and integrity.

But just because I am brave they are the more eager to eat me, in order to acquire some of my courage. The old man went out of the gate, but before he had gone far he said to my brother in a low voice, "To be eaten at once!" And my brother nodded. So you are in it too! This stupendous discovery, although it came as a shock, is yet no more than I had expected: the accomplice in eating me is my elder brother!

The eater of human flesh is my elder brother!

I am the younger brother of an eater of human flesh!

I myself will be eaten by others, but none the less I am the younger brother of an eater of human flesh!

V

These few days I have been thinking again: suppose that old man were not an executioner in disguise, but a real doctor; he would be none the less an eater of human flesh. In that book on herbs, written by his predecessor Li Shih-chen, it is clearly stated that men's flesh can he boiled and eaten; so can he still say that he does not eat men?

As for my elder brother, I have also good reason to suspect him. When he was teaching me, he said with his own lips, "People exchange their sons to eat." And once in discussing a bad man, he said that not only did he deserve to be killed, he should "have his flesh eaten and his hide slept on. . . . I was still young then, and my heart beat faster for some time, he was not at all surprised by the story that our tenant from Wolf Cub Village told us the other day about eating a man's heart and liver, but kept nodding his head. He is evidently just as cruel as before. Since it is possible to "exchange sons to eat," then anything can be exchanged, anyone can be eaten. In the past I simply listened to his explanations, and let it go at that; now I know that when he explained it to me, not only was there human fat at the corner of his lips, but his whole heart was set on eating men.

______

[Note: Li Shih-chen] A famous pharmacologist (1518-1593), author of Ben-cao-gang-mu, the Materia Medica.

[Note: lips] These are quotations from the old classic Zuo Zhuan.

VI

Pitch dark. I don't know whether it is day or night. The Chao family dog has started barking again.

The fierceness of a lion, the timidity of a rabbit, the craftiness of a fox. . . .

VII

I know their way; they are not willing to kill anyone outright, nor do they dare, for fear of the consequences. Instead they have banded together and set traps everywhere, to force me to kill myself. The behaviour of the men and women in the street a few days ago, and my elder brother's attitude these last few days, make it quite obvious. What they like best is for a man to take off his belt, and hang himself from a beam; for then they can enjoy their heart's desire without being blamed for murder. Naturally that sets them roaring with delighted laughter. On the other hand, if a man is frightened or worried to death, although that makes him rather thin, they still nod in approval.

They only eat dead flesh! I remember reading somewhere of a hideous beast, with an ugly look in its eye, called "hyena" which often eats dead flesh. Even the largest bones it grinds into fragments and swallows: the mere thought of this is enough to terrify one. Hyenas are related to wolves, and wolves belong to the canine species. The other day the dog in the Chao house looked at me several times; obviously it is in the plot too and has become their accomplice. The old man's eyes were cast down, but that did not deceive me!

The most deplorable is my elder brother. He is also a man, so why is he not afraid, why is he plotting with others to eat me? Is it that when one is used to it he no longer thinks it a crime? Or is it that he has hardened his heart to do something he knows is wrong?

In cursing man-eaters, I shall start with my brother, and in dissuading man-eaters, I shall start with him too.

VIII

Actually, such arguments should have convinced them long ago. . . .

Suddenly someone came in. He was only about twenty years old and I did not see his features very clearly. His face was wreathed in smiles, but when he nodded to me his smile did not seem genuine. I asked him "Is it right to eat human beings?"

Still smiling, he replied, "When there is no famine how can one eat human beings?"

I realized at once, he was one of them; but still I summoned up courage to repeat my question:

"Is it right?"

"What makes you ask such a thing? You really are . . fond of a joke. . . . It is very fine today."

"It is fine, and the moon is very bright. But I want to ask you: Is it right?"

He looked disconcerted, and muttered: "No...."

"No? Then why do they still do it?"

"What are you talking about?"

"What am I talking about? They are eating men now in Wolf Cub Village, and you can see it written all over the books, in fresh red ink."

His expression changed, and he grew ghastly pale. "It may be so," he said, staring at me. "It has always been like that. . . ."

"Is it right because it has always been like that?"

"I refuse to discuss these things with you. Anyway, you shouldn't talk about it. Whoever talks about it is in the wrong!"

I leaped up and opened my eyes wide, but the man had vanished. I was soaked with perspiration. He was much younger than my elder brother, but even so he was in it. He must have been taught by his parents. And I am afraid he has already taught his son: that is why even the children look at me so fiercely.

IX

Wanting to eat men, at the same time afraid of being eaten themselves, they all look at each other with the deepest suspicion. . . .

How comfortable life would be for them if they could rid themselves of such obsessions and go to work, walk, eat and sleep at ease. They have only this one step to take. Yet fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers, friends, teachers and students, sworn enemies and even strangers, have all joined in this conspiracy, discouraging and preventing each other from taking this step.

X

Early this morning I went to look for my elder brother. He was standing outside the hall door looking at the sky, when I walked up behind him, stood between him and the door, and with exceptional poise and politeness said to him:

"Brother, I have something to say to you."

"Well, what is it?" he asked, quickly turning towards me and nodding.

"It is very little, but I find it difficult to say. Brother, probably all primitive people ate a little human flesh to begin with. Later, because their outlook changed, some of them stopped, and because they tried to be good they changed into men, changed into real men. But some are still eating—just like reptiles. Some have changed into fish, birds, monkeys and finally men; but some do not try to be good and remain reptiles still. When those who eat men compare themselves with those who do not, how ashamed they must be. Probably much more ashamed than the reptiles are before monkeys.

"In ancient times Yi Ya boiled his son for Chieh and Chou to eat; that is the old story. But actually since the creation of heaven and earth by Pan Ku men have been eating each other, from the time of Yi Ya's son to the time of Hsu Hsi-lin, and from the time of Hsu Hsi-lin down to the man caught in Wolf Cub Village. Last year they executed a criminal in the city, and a consumptive soaked a piece of bread in his blood and sucked it.

"They want to eat me, and of course you can do nothing about it single-handed; but why should you join them? As man-eaters they are capable of anything. If they eat me, they can eat you as well; members of the same group can still eat each other. But if you will just change your ways immediately, then everyone will have peace. Although this has been going on since time immemorial, today we could make a special effort to be good, and say this is not to be done! I'm sure you can say so, brother. The other day when the tenant wanted the rent reduced, you said it couldn't be done."

At first he only smiled cynically, then a murderous gleam came into his eyes, and when I spoke of their secret his face turned pale. Outside the gate stood a group of people, including Mr. Chao and his dog, all craning their necks to peer in. I could not see all their faces, for they seemed to be masked in cloths; some of them looked pale and ghastly still, concealing their laughter. I knew they were one band, all eaters of human flesh. But I also knew that they did not all think alike by any means. Some of them thought that since it had always been so, men should be eaten. Some of them knew that they should not eat men, but still wanted to; and they were afraid people might discover their secret; thus when they heard me they became angry, but they still smiled their. cynical, tight-lipped smile.

Suddenly my brother looked furious, and shouted in a loud voice:

"Get out of here, all of you! What is the point of looking at a madman?"

Then I realized part of their cunning. They would never be willing to change their stand, and their plans were all laid; they had stigmatized me as a madman. In future when I was eaten, not only would there be no trouble, but people would probably be grateful to them. When our tenant spoke of the villagers eating a bad character, it was exactly the same device. This is their old trick.

Old Chen came in too, in a great temper, but they could not stop my mouth, I had to speak to those people:

"You should change, change from the bottom of your hearts!" I said. "You most know that in future there will be no place for man-eaters in the world.

"If you don't change, you may all be eaten by each other. Although so many are born, they will be wiped out by the real men, just like wolves killed by hunters. Just like reptiles!"

Old Chen drove everybody away. My brother had disappeared. Old Chen advised me to go back to my room. The room was pitch dark. The beams and rafters shook above my head. After shaking for some time they grew larger. They piled on top of me.

The weight was so great, I could not move. They meant that I should die. I knew that the weight was false, so I struggled out, covered in perspiration. But I had to say:

"You should change at once, change from the bottom of your hearts! You must know that in future there will be no place for man-eaters in the world . . . ."

______

[Note: Yi Ya] According to ancient records, Yi Ya cooked his son and presented him to Duke Huan of Chi who reigned from 685 to 643 B.C. Chieh and Chou were tyrants of an earlier age. The madman has made a mistake here.

[Note: Hsu Hsi-lin] A revolutionary at the end of the Ching dynasty (1644-1911), Hsu Hsi-lin was executed in 1907 for assassinating a Ching official. His heart and liver were eaten.

XI

The sun does not shine, the door is not opened, every day two meals.

I took up my chopsticks, then thought of my elder brother; I know now how my little sister died: it was all through him. My sister was only five at the time. I can still remember how lovable and pathetic she looked. Mother cried and cried, but he begged her not to cry, probably because he had eaten her himself, and so her crying made him feel ashamed. If he had any sense of shame. . . .

My sister was eaten by my brother, but I don't know whether mother realized it or not.

I think mother must have known, but when she cried she did not say so outright, probably because she thought it proper too. I remember when I was four or five years old, sitting in the cool of the hall, my brother told me that if a man's parents were ill, he should cut off a piece of his flesh and boil it for them if he wanted to be considered a good son; and mother did not contradict him. If one piece could be eaten, obviously so could the whole. And yet just to think of the mourning then still makes my heart bleed; that is the extraordinary thing about it!

XII

I can't bear to think of it.

I have only just realized that I have been living all these years in a place where for four thousand years they have been eating human flesh. My brother had just taken over the charge of the house when our sister died, and he may well have used her flesh in our rice and dishes, making us eat it unwittingly.

It is possible that I ate several pieces of my sister's flesh unwittingly, and now it is my turn, . . .

How can a man like myself, after four thousand years of man-caring history—even though I knew nothing about it at first—ever hope to face real men?

XIII

Perhaps there are still children who have not eaten men? Save the children. . . .

April 1918

政改被否决气急败坏为哪般？

邓林2008    2015-06-20

6月18日，2017年香港特首产生办法决议案经立法会两日审议后，获8票赞成、28票反对、0票弃权，未能获三分二议员通过，意味着政改方案被否决。

任何一项议案，既然付诸表决，就有两种可能，要么通过，要么被否决。香港特首产生办法决议案被否决，不是很正常吗？如果一项议案必须通过，那又何须表决，直接宣布不就得了。再说了，必须通过的议案，还是议案吗？显而易见，那不是议案，而是政策。

一件本来十分正常的事情，到了有关方面哪里，却很不正常，非常不正常，相当不正常。

人民日报如是说，6月18日，我们遗憾地看到，香港反对派议员一意孤行，执意投下反对票，特区政府提出的普选法案未获通过。反对派议员否决普选法案，是反对民主漠视主流民意的倒行逆施。普选法案是在广泛咨询香港各界意见的基础上提出的，并得到多数市民的支持。

我想问问，反对派议员投反对票是不是在依法行使权利？如果他们是依法行使权利，他们怎么就“倒行逆施”了？我们不是一直在喊要依法治国吗？他们依法否决普选法案，不但不是在“反对民主”，反而是在行使自己的民主权利。“漠视主流民意”有何不可？真正的民主，不是少数服从多数，更不是个人服从集体，而是要捍卫每个人的基本权利。何况所谓“主流民意”，不是有关方面可以随意代表的。真要体现主流民意，请拿选票说事。

外交部发言人如是说，某些议员出于阻碍香港民主发展的目的否决普选法案，使香港错失了实现行政长官普选的重要机遇，他们要为此承担历史责任。

这个说法和人民日报大同小异。区别在于人民日报直指“反对派议员”，而外交部说“某些议员”，人民日报说“普选法案”，外交部说“行政长官普选”。

中联办负责人如是说，少数立法会议员忤逆民意，同时希望香港社会各界人士放下政治争拗，凝心聚力发展经济、改善民生，促进社会稳定和谐，为香港的长远发展打好基础。

人民日报说反对派议员“漠视主流民意”，说明他们还是承认这些议员是代表某些民意的。中联办负责人直接就把“少数立法会议员”摆到了民意的对立面，而且用“忤逆”来表达问题的严重性。如此自信，可不可以回答一个问题，这些议员是怎么产生的呢？

香港《大公报》如是说，否决之后，顽固不化的反对派议员或是沾沾自喜，或为了博得公众的同情而强颜挤出几滴便宜的“鳄鱼泪”，都逃脱不了千夫所指的命运。他们以为自己赢了，实际是让香港全盘皆输。

“让香港全盘皆输”这套说辞，不过是个人利益服从集体利益，集体利益服从国家利益的翻版，听起来很耳熟。依法行使权利，在他们眼里，居然是“顽固不化”。有人坚持要否决议案，就是“顽固不化”；有人坚持要通过议案，是不是“顽固不化”？互联网时代，以多数人的利益为幌子，已经没有那么容易忽悠了！

香港特首梁振英对此“极度失望”。他批评否决政改方案的立法会议员“剎停了香港的民主进程”，令500万合资格选民失去一人一票选特首的机会。

梁振英同志“极度失望”是可以理解的。政改方案被否决，他虽然可以继续当特首，但不是“一人一票”的特首。政改方案通过了，他仍然可以继续当特首，却是“一人一票”的特首。

真的是“一人一票”吗？答曰：半真半假。

香港特区政府4月22日发表了《行政长官普选办法公众咨询报告及方案》。根据方案，全港合资格选民可从提名委员会提名的2至3名候选人中，通过“一人一票”以“得票最多者当选”的方式选出行政长官人选。

原来所谓的“一人一票”，只是针对“提名委员会提名的2至3名候选人”，而对于绝大多数香港“合资格选民”，是绝不可能成为候选人的。梁振英同志呢，自然是那“2至3名候选人”最有力的竞争人选。

反对派议员真的是要否决“一人一票”吗？非也！他们要否决的，是针对那“2至3名候选人”的“一人一票”。

这样的政改方案被否决了，难怪有关方面要恼羞成怒、气急败坏。

2015年06月

  《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》（1602）取材于希腊神话传说中最宏大最具传奇色彩的特洛伊战争。特洛伊战争旷日持久残酷血腥而又是英雄们的传奇。特别是荷马整理出《伊利亚特》后，特洛伊战争业已成为英雄传奇的代名词。而莎士比亚身处的17世纪初文艺复兴晚期的英国和欧洲社会似乎已经“沦陷”。《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》（1602）以特洛伊战争为背景，一方面描写战争的“毫无意义”，战斗双方仅为争夺一个女人而无休止地杀戮，战争既野蛮残酷，又祸国殃民；另一方面，还描写了特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达之间的“变质爱情”（腐败爱情），即奸淫。

  文艺复兴运动使欧洲进入了“人”的觉醒的时代，人们对上帝的信仰开始动摇。在“个性解放”的旗帜下“为所欲为”，这是当时的一种时代风尚。这一方面是思想的大解放，从而推动了社会文明的大发展，另一方面，尤其是到了文艺复兴的晚期，随之产生的是私欲的泛滥和社会的混乱。面对这样一个热情而又混乱的时代，时值人到中年的莎士比亚，已不像早期那样沉湎于人文主义的理想给人带来的乐观与浪漫，而表现出对理想与进步背后的隐患的深入思考。《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》正是以战争与奸淫为主题以示出莎士比亚对这样的环境的思考。

  《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》和《哈姆雷特》这两个剧有许多相似之处，如两者都运用了大量的双关语和亦庄亦谐的手法，都使用了食物和疾病等主导意象，都对英雄人物的荣誉观进行了反讽等。莎士比亚在《哈姆雷特》中揭示了人道主义理想和社会丑恶现实之间的矛盾，也触及了战争和爱情两大问题。《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》正是作者对战争和爱情进行综合考察的继续和发展。所以对这两大问题的反思和反讽，是《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》和《哈姆雷特》主要的相似之处。其创作思想的连续性突出地表现在这里。

  剧本开始于特洛伊战争的第七年，交战双方毫无斗志，各怀鬼胎。剧本开始就是特洛伊罗斯的抱怨“叫我的仆人来，我要把盔甲脱下了。我自己心里正在发生激战，为什么还要到特洛亚的城外去作战呢？让每一个能够主宰自己的心的特洛亚人去上战场吧；唉！特洛伊罗斯的心早就不属于他自己了。”身为特洛伊的王子，在特洛伊生死存亡的关键时刻本应该舍身为自己的国家为自己的荣耀而战，而特洛伊罗斯却只想着自己的私欲。潘达洛斯也是借用克瑞西达让自己攀上王族而不顾时局地一味撮合两人。克瑞西达在特洛伊城内看众位特洛伊战将的时候，并没有特别流露出对特洛伊罗斯的爱慕之情，与后面潘达洛斯为两人安排幽会见面时克瑞西达的表现形成鲜明对比，以及后来克瑞西达在希腊军营与“监护人”狄俄墨得斯同样暧昧的表现，足以见得这爱情的本质。“愿您的话成为预言！要是我变了心，或者有一丝不忠不贞的地方，那么当时间变成古老而忘记了它自己的时候，当特洛亚的岩石被水珠滴烂、无数的城市被盲目的遗忘所吞噬、无数强大的国家了无痕迹地化为一堆泥土的时候，让我的不贞继续存留在人们的记忆里，永远受人唾骂！当他们说过了‘像空气、像水、像风、像沙土一样轻浮；像狐狸对于羔羊、豺狼对于小牛、豹子对于母鹿、继母对于前妻的儿子一样虚伪’以后，让他们举出一个最轻浮最虚伪的榜样来，说，‘像克瑞西达一样负心。’”此段话是克瑞西达表示自己不会变心的决心，说的很坚决。当克瑞西达由于战争交换俘虏而不得不离开特洛伊时，特洛伊罗斯几次再三地对克瑞西达强调不要受希腊将士的诱惑而变心，克瑞西达也反复强调不会，两人互表对爱情的忠贞。“别了，特洛伊罗斯！我的一只眼睛还在望着你，可是另一只眼睛已经随着我的心转换了方向。唉，我们可怜的女人！我发现了我们这一个弱点，我们的眼睛所犯的错误支配着我们的心；一时的失足把我们带到了永远错误的路上。啊，从这里可以得出一个结论，那就是：受眼睛支配的思念一定是十分卑劣的。”克瑞西达自己是这样为自己的变心辩解的，而在旁边的谩骂者忒耳西忒斯却用粗疏而又真实的话“这是她对于她自己的贞节的最老实的供认，除非她再说一句，‘我的心现在已经变成了一个娼妇。’”揭露出这场所谓爱情的闹剧的本质。通过对这场腐败爱情的叙写，莎士比亚想要告诫当时的人们在受文艺复兴思潮影响个性解放的同时不要让自己私欲不断膨胀直至泛滥，最终导致社会的荒淫迷乱，道德沦丧。

  关于战争，莎士比亚在《哈姆雷特》中也有谈及。“为什么天天都赶着制造铜炮，还要向国外添购弹药和刀枪；征集了造船工，起早摸黑地干活，把一星期一天的礼拜日都给取消了，这淌着汗水的忙碌，把黑夜也拖来和辛苦的白天做搭挡……”“几万个士兵拼血肉之躯，暴尸沙场，‘只为了一点虚名视死如归’。”这些都可以看出莎士比亚对于涂炭生灵、万里朱殷的战争的厌恶反感之情。作者借希腊将领狄俄墨得斯一针见血地指出：为她的淫秽血管里每一滴臭血，牺牲了一个希腊人；为她的脏身上每一块霉烂的皮肉，杀害了一个特洛伊人。自从她会说话以来，她嘴里吐出来的正经话的总和，远不及双方为她战死的人数多。这段话尖锐地表现出莎士比亚对战争的厌恶。战争不是英雄将军们的游乐场，是大众的苦难，是普通百姓的厄运。“一将功成万骨枯”的境况不能在文艺复兴人性解放的时代再次发生。“就我个人而论，虽然我比谁都不怕这些希腊人，可是，尊严的普里阿摩斯，没有一个软心肠的女人会像我这样为了瞻望着不可知的前途而忧惧。太平景象最能带来一种危险，就是使人高枕无忧；所以适当的疑虑还是智者的明灯，是防患于未然的良方。放海伦回去吧；自从为了这一个问题开始掀动干戈以来，我们已经牺牲了无数的兵士，他们每一个人的生命都像海伦一样宝贵；要是我们丧亡了这许多同胞，去保卫一件既不属于我们、对于我们又没有多大价值的东西，那么我们凭着什么理由，拒绝把她交还给人家呢？”赫克托与特洛伊罗斯的争论也反应出对战争的思考，是莎士比亚对战争对人类社会的思考与反省。

  本剧本中对传统英雄阿基琉斯并未颂扬。忒耳西忒斯是一个特殊的存在，说是剧中作者的代言人似乎并不是很合适，但很多作者要表达的思想和对世人的劝诫都是通过这个人物粗俗甚至是有些不堪入耳的话语形式表露给观众。或许这正是莎士比亚所要的效果，粗俗的话更能惊醒世人，也更加直接。“但愿你那心里的泉水再清澈起来，好让我把我的驴子牵下去喝几口水！我宁愿做一只羊身上的虱子，也不愿做这么一个没有头脑的勇士”他讽刺阿基琉斯，语言犀利而具有哲理，并不是简单的谩骂。“要是我碰见了那个混蛋狄俄墨得斯！我要向他学老鸦叫，叫得他满身晦气。我倘把这婊子的事情告诉了帕特洛克罗斯，他一定愿意把无论什么东西送给我；鹦鹉瞧见了一粒杏仁，也不及他听见了一个近在手头的婊子更高兴。奸淫，奸淫；永远是战争和奸淫，别的什么都不时髦。浑身火焰的魔鬼抓了他们去！”直截了当的谩骂同样具有力度，直接通过骂声喊出战争与奸淫两个主题。很多地方的剧情冲突都是靠这个任务的类似旁白的解说深刻化的。

  最后，读这个剧本，自然而然的会拿来《伊利亚特》与之比对。背景一样，内容思想在上面说过并不一样。撇开这些，单看语言，也是很大的震撼。莎士比亚善于运用排比类比，语言丰富多彩，具有诗化哲理化的特点。