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中国古代灵感理论论纲(论文摘要英译【75】

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中国古代灵感理论论纲

论文摘要英译【75

An Outline of Ancient Chinese Theory of Inspiration

 

        There are many terms generalizingits connotations centered on the phenomenon of “inspiration” in ancient Chinese theories of literature and art in spite of the fact that the term “inspiration”  has never formally shown itself in these theories. It is translated from the West, absorbing the meanings of deity and sorcery included in the ancient Chinese character Ling”(spirit and/or soul), which corresponds largely with its original and modern meanings in Western culture. However, few people had touched uponthe phenomenon of inspiration of literary creation before the Wei, Jin and Northern & Southern Dynasties in ancient Chinese literary theories, let alone a complete and systematic theory of it. This is quite different from the generation of inspiration theory in the West. In its construction in ancient China, literary theorists grasped the characters of inspiration mainly from fortuity, ingenuity and, emotionality. And ever since the description of the inspiration phenomenon by Lu Ji (206~303), they have tried to give a uniqueinterpretation of inspiration of their own, and, based upon this, they havegiven birth to a “theory of mood cultivation” with unique characteristics ofthe Orient. In brief, the theory of inspiration with Chinese characteristics isformed gradually through their unremitting efforts from generation togeneration.

 

 

中国古代灵感理论论纲

 

灵感这一术语,在中国古代文艺理论中没有正式出现过,但在中国古代的文艺理论中,围绕着“灵感”现象而予以概括其内涵的术语还是不少的。“灵感”一词,是从西方翻译过来的。它既吸收了我国古代“靈”字所含的神、巫等意,又较大地符合西方文化中灵感的原始含义和现代含义。在魏晋南北朝之前的中国古代文论中,很少有人涉足于文学创作中的灵感现象,更没有形成较为完整和系统的灵感理论,这和西方灵感理论的产生具有较大的区别。在中国古代的灵感理论建构过程中,文论家们对灵感的特征主要从偶发性、独创性和情感性三个方面进行了把握。自陆机描述了灵感现象之后,文论家们还试图对灵感做出自我独到的解释,并在此基础上,形成了独具东方特色的“养兴说”。总之,经过一代又一代文论家们的不懈努力,逐渐地建构起了具有中国特色的灵感理论。

 

讨论:

一、“灵”的含义颇丰,文中又冠以我国古代“靈”字。既是“字”故而译为the ancient Chinese character “Ling”(spirit and/or soul)。如此,“Ling”是音译,括弧中的spirit and/or soul)则是意译。同时指出,汉字“Ling”,既有“spirit”又有“soul”的含义。

二、关于养兴:朱良志教授【中国北京大学哲学系】在《论儒学对中国画学涵养心性理论的影响》一文中说:

“这里,不妨举画学中的养诚说和养兴说来申说此旨。
  宋、元以来,画学中提出养诚说,这也是从理学中沿用而来的。强调涵养心性要立其诚,有了诚心仁意,方能同于天地之道。董逌《广川画跋·卷五·书颜太师画像后》说:“鲁公气盖一世,其养于中者,本以配义与道,故能塞乎天地之间而无憾也。”王绂的《书画传习录》在摄述二程思想时提出:“夫敬也、诚也,学圣者不可一日违者也。”绘画中一定要有这种诚、敬之心。是书云:“古之所谓画士,皆一时名胜,涵泳经史,见识高明,襟度洒落。”……

未作画前,全在养兴。或睹云泉,后观花鸟,或散步清吟,或焚香啜茗。俟胸中有得,技痒兴发,即伸纸舒毫,兴尽斯止。至有兴时续成之,自必天机活泼,迥出尘表。……

这与郭熙所说的作画之前要焚香、如见大宾的论述庶几相当。所谓养兴,就是使自己去除躁竞之心、慵惰之气而使心境归于宁静专一之态。秦祖永《桐阴画诀》强调作画时要有一种“静气”,说:“画中静气最难,骨法显灵则不静,笔意躁动则不静,全要脱尽纵横习气,无半点喧热态,自有一种融和闲适之趣浮动丘壑间,正非可以躁心从事也。”这两位绘画理论家的思想理学味甚浓,他们的养兴说明显是从理学的养气说转出的。……

据此,我把“养兴说”译为“theory of mood cultivation/ mood-cultivating theory”。三、应感:2.特指天人感应。北魏 张渊 《观象赋》序:“寻其应感之符,测乎冥通之数,天人之际,可见明矣。”——《汉典》在线词典。另查《金山词霸》,应感释义 (1).谓交相感应。《礼记·乐记》:“夫民有血气心知之性,而无哀乐喜怒之常,应感起物而动,然后心术形焉。” 晋陆机 《文赋》:“若夫应感之会,通塞之纪,来不可遏,去不可止。” 明高攀龙《文学景耀唐公墓志铭》:“惟忠孝之气直上清虚,如矢中的,於是始知古忠臣孝子与造化呼吸应感者,殆以是也。” (2).特指天人感应。又:释义相关词条induce induction influence telepathy 等的释义:

1. (受外界影响而引起相应的感情或动作) response; reaction; interaction

2. [生] (刺激感受性) irritability

3. [电] (诱导) induction

故而,“应感”即“感应”。若译为“induction”,则偏重释义三:【电】“诱导”。似不妥,窃以为,译为“interaction”似乎更切其“受外界影响而引起相应的感情或动作”之指谓。


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